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A cultural perspective where time is perceived as linear, with a focus on schedules, punctuality, and the segmentation of time into precise, small units. Often found in North American and Northern European cultures.

This concept sees time as more fluid and less structured. Multiple tasks are often handled at once, and there’s a higher value placed on relationships rather than schedules. Typical in Latin American, African, Arab, and Southern European cultures.

Refers to the way different cultures emphasize past, present, or future. Past-oriented societies value tradition, while present-oriented societies focus on current happenings, and future-oriented societies prioritize potential long-term rewards.

Clock time is the strict adherence to a chronological schedule, while event time is more flexible, with activities occurring based on the occurrence of events rather than at scheduled times. The former is typical in industrialized nations, while the latter is common in rural and agricultural communities.

In high-context cultures, time is often seen as holistic, where building relationships is more important than strict adherence to schedules. East Asian countries, like China and Japan, emphasize reading between the lines and value the time spent in developing social ties.