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In many languages, politeness levels affect verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech to demonstrate respect, formality, or social distance. Examples include the honorifics in Korean and Japanese.

Slang and jargon reflect the values and experiences of specific subcultures or professional groups, and they may create in-group cohesion. Examples include internet slang or medical jargon.

Proverbs often encapsulate cultural wisdom, values, or norms and are used to impart lessons or principles. An example is the English saying, 'The early bird catches the worm,' promoting the value of punctuality.

These reflect cultural perceptions and the way a culture processes experiences by drawing parallels. Examples can vary significantly across cultures due to differing environments and historical contexts.

People switch between languages or language varieties in different social contexts, reflecting multicultural identities and situational propriety. Bilingual speakers often engage in code-switching.

Euphemisms are used to soften the impact of sensitive subjects; taboos influence language avoidance in certain topics, reflecting societal norms and beliefs. Examples include using 'passed away' instead of 'died'.

Certain languages have gender-specific forms that can reflect or reinforce gender roles and stereotypes within a culture. An example is the use of gendered nouns and pronouns in Romance languages.

High-context cultures rely on implicit communication and shared knowledge, while low-context cultures favor explicit, direct communication. Examples include the difference between Japanese (high-context) and German (low-context).

Reduplication can signify emphasis, plurality, intensity, or other aspects in different cultures. In Indonesian, repeating a word like 'orang' to 'orang-orang' changes the meaning from 'person' to 'people'.

The hypothesis that the structure of a language affects its speakers' cognition and view of the world. For example, languages with many terms for color may lead speakers to perceive colors differently.

In some languages, there are formal (V) and informal (T) second-person pronouns that signal the level of familiarity or respect. An example is 'tu' and 'vous' in French.