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Ethnocentrism and Its Effects
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Ethnocentrism
Definition: A psychological attitude in which one's own culture, ethnic or national group is viewed as superior to others. Contextual effects: It promotes ingroup loyalty and outgroup discrimination, can lead to cultural misunderstandings, and hinders cross-cultural dialogue.
Cultural Relativism
Definition: The principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others from the perspective of that individual's own culture. Contextual effects: Encourages empathy and understanding, reduces ethnocentrism, and promotes cultural diversity and acceptance.
Ingroup Bias
Definition: The tendency to favor and extend loyalty to members of one's own group (the ingroup) over others (the outgroup). Contextual effects: Can lead to partiality and discrimination, affect social harmony, and influence group dynamics.
Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
Definition: The perception that individuals in the outgroup are more similar to each other than they actually are, especially when compared to the ingroup's perceived diversity. Contextual effects: It can lead to stereotypes, justify poor treatment of the outgroup, and can fuel intergroup conflicts.
Cultural Competence
Definition: The ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures. Contextual effects: Enhances cross-cultural interactions, reduces potential conflicts, and improves outcomes in diverse settings such as healthcare and education.
Cross-Cultural Psychology
Definition: The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions. Contextual effects: Helps to identify universal aspects of behavior and to understand the role of culture in shaping individual behaviors and social norms.
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