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Major Cultural Syndromes
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Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism stresses the importance of individual rights and independence, often found in Western cultures like the USA and Australia. Collectivism emphasizes the importance of groups and collective wellbeing, prevalent in Asian cultures such as Japan and China.
Power Distance
This refers to the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. High power distance cultures include Malaysia and Guatemala, whereas low power distance cultures include Denmark and New Zealand.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty Avoidance deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. High uncertainty avoidance cultures such as Greece and Portugal often have rigid codes of belief and behavior. Low uncertainty avoidance cultures like Singapore and Jamaica are more accepting of differing thoughts and behaviors.
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Masculinity denotes a preference in society for achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and material rewards for success. Cultures like Japan and Italy score high on masculinity. Femininity, on the other hand, stands for a preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak, and quality of life, like in Sweden and Norway.
Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation
This dimension associates the connection of the past with the current and future actions/challenges. High long-term orientation scores are found in East Asian countries like China, which values perseverance and thrift. Low scoring countries, such as the USA, are more focused on short-term results and traditions.
Indulgence vs. Restraint
Indulgence stands for a society allowing relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun. Mexico and Nigeria exhibit high indulgence. Restraint refers to a society that suppresses gratification needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms; countries like Egypt and Bulgaria are more restrained.
Context (High-context vs. Low-context)
High-context cultures rely heavily on nonverbal and subtle situational cues in communication (e.g., Japan and Arab countries). Low-context cultures require explicit verbal explanations and have less nonverbal coding of messages (e.g., Germany and Switzerland).
Tightness vs. Looseness
Tight cultures have strict norms and a low tolerance for deviant behavior (e.g., Singapore and South Korea). Looseness implies relaxed norms and a higher tolerance of deviant behavior, as found in countries like Brazil and the United States.
Harmony vs. Mastery
Harmony-oriented cultures emphasize fitting into the community and understanding one's part in the cycles of nature (e.g., Native American cultures and Taoist societies). Mastery cultures prioritize control over the environment to achieve personal or group goals, as seen in Western societies like the USA.
Monochronic vs. Polychronic Time
Monochronic time represents a preference for doing one thing at a time, with an emphasis on schedules, punctuality, and time as a commodity (e.g., Germany and the United States). Polychronic time is characterized by multitasking and a more fluid approach to scheduling (e.g., Arab countries and Latin American cultures).
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