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Similar to experimental design but lacks random assignment. Used in settings where controlled experiments are not feasible.

Describes characteristics or behaviors. Used to identify patterns or trends without manipulating variables.

Focuses on the individual rather than a group. Used to determine the efficacy of an intervention with one or a small number of participants.

The study of cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Used to describe and interpret the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group.

Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference. Used to study behaviors as they naturally occur.

A statistical approach to combine the results of multiple studies. Used to integrate findings and assess the effectiveness of interventions.

Utilizes questionnaires and/or interviews to gather data. Used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings across a large population.

Examines past events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future. Used to understand context, causes, and effects of historical phenomena.

Observes different groups at one point in time. Used to compare different population groups at a single moment.

Studies a particular cohort or group of people over time. Used to assess how certain variables affect specific populations as they age.

Studies human experiences through the descriptions provided by those who experience the phenomenon. Used to understand complex emotional or experiential subjects.

Incorporates both qualitative and quantitative research. Used to provide a more complete understanding of research problems.

Systematic collection of information about the activities, characteristics, and outcomes of programs. Used to make judgments about the program, improve program effectiveness, and/or inform decisions about future program development.

Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Used to counteract the cohort effect of longitudinal studies.

Manipulates one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another. Used to test hypotheses and establish causality.

Studies participants over a long period of time. Used to observe changes in variables or group characteristics over time.

A reflective process of progressive problem-solving led by individuals working with others in teams. Used to solve a problem and to contribute to both theory and practice.

In-depth study of an individual, group, or event. Used to gather detailed information and to study rare phenomena.

Aims to derive theories from systematic analysis of data. Used to develop new theories when little is known about the phenomenon.