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Types of Sampling in Research

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Simple Random Sampling

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A sampling procedure where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. It's appropriate when you want an unbiased representation of the population.

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Systematic Sampling

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A sampling method where you select members of a population at regular intervals. It's appropriate when you have a listed population and want a simpler alternative to random sampling.

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Stratified Sampling

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This technique separates the population into subgroups (strata) and then randomly samples from each group. It's appropriate for ensuring representation from all subgroups within the population.

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Cluster Sampling

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A sampling method where the population is divided into clusters, and a random sample of these clusters is then selected for study. It's suitable for large, geographically dispersed populations.

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Convenience Sampling

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Involves choosing subjects who are easiest to access. It's appropriate when accessibility is a priority over representativeness, often used in exploratory research.

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Quota Sampling

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Sampling method where the population is segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, similar to stratified sampling, and researcher selects the subjects based on a fixed quota. It's appropriate when time or cost constraints prevent random sampling.

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Purposive Sampling

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Participants are selected based on a specific purpose rather than randomly. It's appropriate when you are studying a specific characteristic or phenomenon within a population.

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Snowball Sampling

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Where current study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances. It's appropriate for hard-to-reach or secretive populations.

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Judgmental Sampling

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A non-random sampling technique where the researcher uses their judgment to select participants. It's appropriate when a specific type of individual is needed for the study.

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Probability Proportional to Size Sampling

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A sampling method where the probability of selecting a unit is proportional to its size. It's appropriate when studying populations with units of varying sizes.

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Multi-Stage Sampling

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A complex form of cluster sampling where multiple sampling techniques are used at different stages. It's appropriate for very large populations or studies with limited resources.

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Volunteer Sampling

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Relies on participants self-selecting to be part of the sample. It's appropriate when research constraints limit the ability to select a random sample.

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Adaptive Sampling

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Sampling methods that adapt as understanding of the population increases. It's appropriate for populations where the distribution of a characteristic is rare or clustered.

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Sequential Sampling

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Involves taking samples in sequence until reaching a desired level of precision or certainty. It's appropriate for research where the outcome is uncertain or resources are limited.

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Non-Probability Sampling

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A general category of sampling techniques that do not give all members of the population a chance to be selected. It's appropriate in qualitative research, exploratory research, or when random sampling is not possible.

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Panel Sampling

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A longitudinal study where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. It's appropriate for studies aimed at detecting changes within a sample over time.

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Respondent-Driven Sampling

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A type of snowball sampling particularly used in social science research. It's appropriate for hidden populations and combines snowball sampling with a mathematical model that compensates for non-random sampling.

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Area Sampling

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A type of cluster sampling where the primary sampling unit is geographic areas. It's appropriate when the population is spread over a large geographic territory.

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Time Sampling

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A variant of systematic sampling where samples are taken at specific time intervals. It's appropriate for continuous or repetitive processes.

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Event Sampling

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A technique where samples are taken following the occurrence of a specific event. It's appropriate for studying the effects or outcomes of identifiable events.

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