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Types of Data in Quantitative Research
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Nominal Data
Characteristics: Categorical, no inherent order, labelled. Examples: Gender, Race, Marital Status.
Ordinal Data
Characteristics: Categorical, ordered, intervals between values are not consistent. Examples: Socioeconomic status, Education level, Likert scale responses.
Interval Data
Characteristics: Continuous, ordered, equal intervals between values, no true zero. Examples: Temperature in Celsius, IQ scores, Dates.
Ratio Data
Characteristics: Continuous, ordered, equal intervals, true zero. Examples: Age, Income, Distance.
Discrete Data
Characteristics: Countable, finite number of values, gaps between values. Examples: Number of children, Cars sold, Test questions correct.
Continuous Data
Characteristics: Measurable, infinite number of values, no gaps between values. Examples: Height, Weight, Time.
Binary Data
Characteristics: Dichotomous, only two possible values. Examples: Yes/No, True/False, On/Off.
Quantitative Data
Characteristics: Numerical measurements, represents quantity, suitable for arithmetic operations. Examples: Test scores, Blood pressure readings, Survey scores.
Categorical Data
Characteristics: Non-numerical categories, describes attributes or qualities. Examples: Blood type, Vehicle make, Hair color.
Time Series Data
Characteristics: Sequential, data points collected or recorded at successive points in time. Examples: Monthly sales, Daily temperature, Yearly GDP.
Cross-Sectional Data
Characteristics: Collected from multiple subjects at a single point in time or over a short period. Examples: Census data, A survey conducted in a single day, Market research data.
Primary Data
Characteristics: Original, collected first-hand by a researcher for a specific research purpose. Examples: Surveys, Experiments, Observations.
Secondary Data
Characteristics: Sourced from existing data collected for another purpose, secondary analysis. Examples: Government statistics, Academic articles, Historical records.
Univariate Data
Characteristics: One variable, describes a single characteristic, simple analysis. Examples: Height of students, Prices of houses, Age of respondents.
Multivariate Data
Characteristics: Multiple variables analyzed together, explores relationships, complex analysis. Examples: Consumer preferences with demographic variables, Weather patterns with multiple atmospheric variables, Financial data involving several economic indicators.
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