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Types of Data in Quantitative Research

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Nominal Data

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Characteristics: Categorical, no inherent order, labelled. Examples: Gender, Race, Marital Status.

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Ordinal Data

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Characteristics: Categorical, ordered, intervals between values are not consistent. Examples: Socioeconomic status, Education level, Likert scale responses.

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Interval Data

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Characteristics: Continuous, ordered, equal intervals between values, no true zero. Examples: Temperature in Celsius, IQ scores, Dates.

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Ratio Data

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Characteristics: Continuous, ordered, equal intervals, true zero. Examples: Age, Income, Distance.

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Discrete Data

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Characteristics: Countable, finite number of values, gaps between values. Examples: Number of children, Cars sold, Test questions correct.

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Continuous Data

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Characteristics: Measurable, infinite number of values, no gaps between values. Examples: Height, Weight, Time.

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Binary Data

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Characteristics: Dichotomous, only two possible values. Examples: Yes/No, True/False, On/Off.

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Quantitative Data

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Characteristics: Numerical measurements, represents quantity, suitable for arithmetic operations. Examples: Test scores, Blood pressure readings, Survey scores.

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Categorical Data

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Characteristics: Non-numerical categories, describes attributes or qualities. Examples: Blood type, Vehicle make, Hair color.

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Time Series Data

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Characteristics: Sequential, data points collected or recorded at successive points in time. Examples: Monthly sales, Daily temperature, Yearly GDP.

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Cross-Sectional Data

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Characteristics: Collected from multiple subjects at a single point in time or over a short period. Examples: Census data, A survey conducted in a single day, Market research data.

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Primary Data

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Characteristics: Original, collected first-hand by a researcher for a specific research purpose. Examples: Surveys, Experiments, Observations.

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Secondary Data

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Characteristics: Sourced from existing data collected for another purpose, secondary analysis. Examples: Government statistics, Academic articles, Historical records.

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Univariate Data

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Characteristics: One variable, describes a single characteristic, simple analysis. Examples: Height of students, Prices of houses, Age of respondents.

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Multivariate Data

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Characteristics: Multiple variables analyzed together, explores relationships, complex analysis. Examples: Consumer preferences with demographic variables, Weather patterns with multiple atmospheric variables, Financial data involving several economic indicators.

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