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The variable that is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable. Examples include dosage levels of a drug, type of therapy, etc.

The variable that is measured by the researcher to see the effect of the independent variable. Examples include test scores, level of depression, etc.

An extraneous variable that correlates with both the dependent and independent variables, potentially leading to a false association between the two. Examples include participant age, weather, etc.

A variable that represents data that can be divided into groups or categories. Examples include gender, race, type of psychological disorder, etc.

A variable that can take on any value within a range, often involving a measurement. Examples include reaction time, intelligence quotient (IQ), level of anxiety, etc.

A categorical variable with a clear ordering or ranking. Examples include socioeconomic status (low, medium, high), level of education (high school, bachelor's, master's, PhD), etc.

A categorical variable that has no inherent order or ranking among the categories. Examples include marital status, type of vehicle, blood type, etc.

A nominal variable with only two categories. Examples include gender (traditionally male or female), presence or absence of a psychological disorder, pass or fail, etc.

A variable that has specific, distinct values and cannot take on all possible values along a continuum. Examples include number of children, number of sessions attended, etc.

A continuous variable with equal intervals between measurements, but no true zero point. Examples include temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit, scores on a personality test, etc.

A continuous variable with equal intervals and a true zero point, where both differences and ratios are meaningful. Examples include age, income, reaction time, etc.

A variable that is not the independent variable, but could affect the outcome of the experiment or study if not controlled. Examples include participant's background knowledge, time of day, etc.

A variable that alters the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Examples include self-esteem, socioeconomic status, etc.

A variable that explains the process through which the independent variable influences the dependent variable. Examples include coping mechanisms, stress levels, etc.