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Affirmations are positive statements that recognize client strengths and acknowledge behaviors that lead to progress. Example: 'You've shown a lot of courage by coping with this change.'

Clarification ensures the social worker's understanding is correct by asking the client to explain or elaborate on certain points. Example: 'When you mention 'pressure,' can you tell me more about what you're experiencing?'

The use of silence gives the client space to think and speak without interruption, showing respect for their thought process. Example: After asking a difficult question, a social worker allows for a period of silence to let the client gather their thoughts.

Open-ended questions are designed to encourage a full, meaningful answer beyond a simple 'yes' or 'no'. Example: A social worker asks a client, 'How does that situation make you feel?' to explore emotions.

Reflective responses involve summarizing or paraphrasing what the client has said to show that you are listening and to clarify understanding. Example: 'So you're saying that you feel ignored at home, is that correct?'

Summarization involves the social worker giving a concise overview of the main points from a discussion or section of it. Example: 'Let me see if I've got everything: You're struggling at work because...', followed by a brief summary.

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. Example: A social worker says, 'It sounds like you are feeling overwhelmed, that must be really hard.'