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Ideal range: 0 mg/L. Chlorine is toxic to fish; must be neutralized in tap water before use in aquaculture.

Ideal range: Varies by species; 300 - 800 μS/cm for freshwater. Conductivity indicates the total dissolved solids and salinity in water.

Ideal range: 0 - 0.03 mg/L. Copper is highly toxic to invertebrates and can accumulate in fish tissues.

Ideal range: 5 - 12 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen is necessary for fish respiration and overall health.

Ideal range: Varies by species (e.g., 24 - 28°C for tropical fish). Temperature affects metabolism and growth rates.

Ideal range: 0 - 0.02 mg/L. Ammonia is highly toxic to fish; it affects their gill function and blood chemistry.

Ideal range: 6.5 - 9.0. pH is crucial for the health of aquatic life; extremes can cause stress, illness, or death.

Ideal range: 0 - 0.5 mg/L. TAN includes both NH3 and NH4+; high levels can cause fish stress and mortality.

Ideal range: 100 - 250 mg/L (as CaCO3). Hardness stabilizes pH and provides essential minerals for invertebrates and fish.

Ideal range: < 25 mg/L. High levels of suspended solids can irritate gills and reduce light penetration.

Ideal range: 0 - 1.0 mg/L. Nitrite can affect the blood's ability to carry oxygen, leading to fish stress and disease.

Ideal range: 0 - 50 mg/L. Nitrate is less toxic than ammonia or nitrite but can cause health issues at high levels.

Ideal range: 0 - 0.3 mg/L. Excessive iron can be harmful and promote unwanted algae growth.

Ideal range: < 20 mg/L. CO2 levels influence the water's pH and can be toxic at high concentrations.

Ideal range: 80 - 200 mg/L (as CaCO3). Alkalinity acts as a pH buffer, preventing sharp pH swings.

Ideal range: < 20 mg/L. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms to break down organic material.

Ideal range: Varies by species (e.g., 35 ppt for marine species). Salinity affects the osmoregulation of aquatic organisms.

Ideal range: 0 - 0.1 mg/L. Phosphates can cause algae blooms and poor water clarity.

Ideal range: < 5 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). Turbidity can affect fish health and reduce light for plant growth.