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Marketing Principles

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Market Segmentation

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The process of dividing a market of potential customers into groups, or segments, based on different characteristics.

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Marketing Mix (4Ps)

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The set of actions, or tactics, that a company uses to promote its brand or product in the market; the 4Ps are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion.

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Unique Selling Proposition (USP)

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A factor that differentiates a product from its competitors, such as the lowest cost, the highest quality, or the first-ever product of its kind.

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Brand Equity

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The value that a brand adds to a product; the extent to which customers are willing to pay extra for a brand.

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SWOT Analysis

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A strategic planning technique used to identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to business competition or project planning.

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Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

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A technology for managing all your company's relationships and interactions with customers and potential customers.

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Product Life Cycle

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The cycle through which every product goes through from introduction to withdrawal or eventual demise.

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Target Market

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A particular group of consumers at which a product or service is aimed.

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B2B Marketing

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Business-to-business marketing, which refers to marketing products or services to other businesses.

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B2C Marketing

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Business-to-consumer marketing, which refers to the tactics and strategies in which a company promotes its products and services to individual people.

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Marketing Funnel

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A consumer focused marketing model which illustrates the theoretical customer journey towards the purchase of a product or service.

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Inbound Marketing

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A method of attracting, engaging, and delighting people to grow a business that provides value and builds trust.

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Outbound Marketing

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The traditional form of marketing where a company initiates the conversation and sends its message out to an audience.

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Content Marketing

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A strategic marketing approach focused on creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and retain a defined audience.

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Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

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The process of optimizing a website to get organic, or unpaid, traffic from the search engine results page.

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Pay-Per-Click (PPC)

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An internet advertising model used to direct traffic to websites, in which an advertiser pays a publisher when the ad is clicked.

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Conversion Rate

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The percentage of visitors to a website that complete a desired goal out of the total number of visitors.

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Cost Per Acquisition (CPA)

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A marketing metric that measures the aggregate cost to acquire one paying customer on a campaign or channel level.

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Marketing ROI

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Return on Investment (ROI) is a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment.

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Market Penetration

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The amount of a product or service that is sold to its target market, compared to the total estimated market for that product or service.

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Market Development

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A growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets.

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Product Development

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A growth strategy where a business aims to introduce new products into existing markets.

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Diversification

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A corporate strategy to enter into a new market or industry which the business is not currently in, while also creating a new product for that new market.

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Value Proposition

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An innovation, service, or feature intended to make a company or product attractive to customers.

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Brand Awareness

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The extent to which consumers are familiar with the qualities or image of a particular brand of goods or services.

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Word of Mouth

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The passing of information from person to person by oral communication, which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day.

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Public Relations (PR)

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The practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public.

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Sales Promotion

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A marketing strategy where the product is promoted using short-term attractive initiatives to stimulate its demand and increase its sales.

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Direct Marketing

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A type of advertising campaign that seeks to elicit a direct response from consumers in relation to a product or service.

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Affiliate Marketing

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An online sales tactic that lets a product owner increase sales by allowing others targeting the same audience to earn a commission by recommending the product to others.

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Demographic Segmentation

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The process of dividing a market into segments based on customer demographics such as age, gender, income, etc.

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Geographic Segmentation

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The process by which a market is divided by geography such as country, region, or city.

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Psychographic Segmentation

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The process of dividing the market based on personality traits, values, attitudes, interests, or lifestyles of customers.

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Behavioral Segmentation

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The process of dividing the market based on the behaviors and decision-making patterns of customers.

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Positioning

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A marketing strategy that aims to make a brand occupy a distinct position, relative to competing brands, in the mind of the customer.

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Relationship Marketing

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Marketing strategies that emphasize customer retention, satisfaction, and lifetime customer value.

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Social Media Marketing

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The use of social media platforms to connect with your audience to build your brand, increase sales, and drive website traffic.

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Viral Marketing

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Marketing phenomenon that facilitates and encourages people to pass along a marketing message.

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Permission Marketing

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A non-traditional marketing technique that advertises goods and services when advance consent is given.

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Influencer Marketing

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A form of social media marketing involving endorsements from influencers, people and organizations who possess an expert level of knowledge and/or social influence in their respective fields.

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Personal Selling

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A form of selling in which one person (the salesperson) uses skills and techniques for building personal relationships with another person (the customer) to generate sales and create repeat business.

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Price Elasticity of Demand

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A measure of the change in the quantity demanded or purchased of a product in relation to its price change.

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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

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A management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders.

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Test Marketing

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The process of testing the viability of a new product or service in a limited market before a wide-scale launch.

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Brand Positioning

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The act of designing the company's offering and image to occupy a distinct place in the mind of the target market.

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Cross-Selling

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The action or practice of selling an additional product or service to an existing customer.

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Up-Selling

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A sales technique where a seller induces the customer to purchase more expensive items, upgrades or other add-ons in an attempt to make a more profitable sale.

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Customer Lifetime Value (CLTV)

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The prediction of the net profit attributed to the entire future relationship with a customer.

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Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)

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An approach to creating a unified and seamless experience for consumers to interact with the brand/enterprise; it attempts to meld all aspects of marketing communication.

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