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Animation Theory

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Key Frames

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Key Frames in animation are the major frames where a significant change or action occurs, serving as cornerstone positions between which in-betweeners can interpolate the movement.

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Squash and Stretch

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Squash and Stretch is a fundamental principle of animation that gives the illusion of weight and volume as objects move or are impacted by forces, emphasizing exaggeration in movement.

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Anticipation

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Anticipation is an animation principle where action is preceded by a smaller action indicating what's about to happen, which builds up the audience's expectations and prepares them for the main movement.

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Solid Drawing

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Solid Drawing means creating animated forms that feel three-dimensional and convincing, with an understanding of anatomy, weight, balance, and light, despite being drawn in two dimensions.

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Secondary Animation

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Secondary Animation refers to the subordinate or supporting actions providing more life to the primary action within a scene, often used to reinforce the environment or character's personality.

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Timing and Spacing

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Timing and Spacing in animation refer to the number of frames between two positions (timing) and the distance between those positions (spacing) which together control the speed and rhythm of the movement.

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Straight Ahead Action

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Straight Ahead Action is an animation technique where frames are drawn sequentially, from start to finish, allowing for creative freedom but can lead to size and proportion inconsistency.

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Exaggeration

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Exaggeration is an animation principle that emphasizes certain movements and expressions through overstatement to add a dynamic quality to characters and actions for a more engaging experience.

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Straight-Ahead vs. Pose-to-Pose

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Straight-Ahead and Pose-to-Pose are two animation techniques; Straight-Ahead involves drawing each frame sequentially, while Pose-to-Pose involves creating key poses and then filling in the intervals.

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Arcs

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Arcs in animation refer to the natural, curved trajectories that objects and limbs follow when they move, rather than linear paths, to create smoother, more natural-appearing motions.

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Persistence of Vision

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Persistence of Vision is a psychological phenomenon where the human eye retains an image for a fraction of a second after its source has been removed, contributing to the illusion of motion in animation.

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Staging

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Staging in animation is the principle of presenting an idea so that it is unmistakably clear, using composition, background and character design, and camera angles to direct the viewer's attention.

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12 Principles of Animation

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The 12 Principles of Animation is a set of guidelines for producing more realistic and engaging animations, developed by Disney animators Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas in their book 'The Illusion of Life'.

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Secondary Action

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Secondary Action refers to the actions that result from or complement the main action, adding more dimensions to character animation and enhancing the realism of movements.

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Overlap and Follow Through

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Overlap and Follow Through are principles that depict a hierarchy of movement in parts of a character, showing that some parts continue moving after the character has stopped, adding to the realism and fluidity.

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