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Sound in a film that does not originate from the world of the film, such as mood music or narrator's commentary, and is not heard by the film's characters.

The art and technology of motion-picture photography, which includes the composition of the shot, lighting, camera movement, and choice of lenses.

A type of film theory and practice that emphasizes the editing of disparate shots to create new meanings that would not exist in either shot alone.

A theory of filmmaking in which the director is viewed as the major creative force in a motion picture.

A system of cutting used in films to maintain continuous and clear narrative action by matching temporal and spatial relations from shot to shot.

Refers to the narrative world of a film; all the events, characters, objects, and settings within this world, whether or not they are directly shown or mentioned in the film.

A style or genre of film characterized by cynicism, fatalism, and moral ambiguity, often utilizing low-key lighting and complex plots.

The distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that give an image judged to be in focus in a camera.

An approach in film theory that examines the representation of queer identities and relationships, challenging the norms depicted in mainstream cinema regarding gender and sexuality.

An abrupt transition from one scene to another which can disorient the viewer but is used deliberately to create a startling effect or show the passage of time.

A film movement originating in Italy around World War II, characterized by stories set amongst the poor and working class, filmed on location and using non-professional actors.

A film style that emerged in the 1920s in Germany, characterized by stark lighting and angles that are used to express mood and themes symbolically.

The arrangement of everything that appears in the framing – actors, lighting, décor, props, costume – and is considered a key component for visual storytelling in film.

A film editing technique that involves combining separate pieces of film to form a continuous sequence, often used to suggest the passage of time or to create symbolic meaning.

An object, event, or character in a film that serves to set and keep the plot in motion despite usually lacking intrinsic importance.

A film editing effect demonstrating the power of montage, where viewers derive more meaning from the interaction of two sequential shots than from a single shot in isolation.

A term borrowed from visual arts referring to the strong contrasts between light and dark, a technique that gives a sense of volume and depth to an image.

A camera shot in which the camera is tilted to one side, creating a sense of disorientation and unease — often used to portend unease or disorientation.

The process of creating post-production sound effects which are added to film, video, and other media in post-production to enhance audio quality.