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A mathematical model of communication that suggests a linear process where a source sends a message through a channel to a receiver, with the presence of noise as a potential barrier. It's an early model used to develop effective communication with an emphasis on technical aspects.

A model focusing on describing the act of communication by answering the questions: Who, Says What, In Which Channel, To Whom, and With What Effect. It's particularly useful for content analysis and media studies.

A theory proposing that the media doesn't tell the public what to think, but what to think about. It posits that by making some issues more salient in their news content, media influences the public agenda.

A model that proposes that media effects are indirectly established through opinion leaders, who receive content from the media and pass it on to opinion followers, instead of directly from media to the audience.

A circular model that suggests communication is not linear but a complex interaction between source, messages, and feedback. It includes the concept of a 'gatekeeper' in the media context.

An approach to understanding why and how people actively seek out specific media to satisfy specific needs. It rejects the notion of passive audience and emphasizes the active role of the audience in interpreting and integrating media into their own lives.

A multi-layered feedback system that views communication as simultaneous sending and receiving of messages occurring within a specific context, including personal, relational, and cultural levels.

A socio-psychological framework that suggests long-term exposure to media, particularly television, shapes viewers' perceptions of reality. The model poses that heavy TV consumption leads to an altered perception, more aligned with the world as represented by TV.

A framework for understanding communication that includes four elements: Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver. It places emphasis on the skills, attitudes, knowledge, and social systems of the sender and receiver.