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Web 2.0 is characterized by greater user interactivity and collaboration, more pervasive network connectivity, and enhanced communication channels. Its significance lies in fostering a more dynamic and social web, where content is created, shared, and edited by users themselves.

Cybersecurity involves protecting internet-connected systems, including hardware, software, and data from cyberattacks. Its significance is ever-growing as our reliance on the internet for personal, business, and governmental activities continues to expand.

An echo chamber is a situation in which beliefs are amplified or reinforced by communication and repetition inside a closed system and insulated from rebuttal. This effect on social media can lead to polarization and spread of misinformation.

An internet meme is a piece of media, typically humorous in nature, that spreads rapidly from person to person via the internet. Memes are significant in their capacity to shape and reflect cultural experiences and as a form of communication.

A filter bubble is an intellectual isolation that can occur when websites use algorithms to selectively assume the information a user would want to see, and, as a result, users become separated from information that disagrees with their viewpoints. It is significant as it can reinforce biases.

Net Neutrality is the principle that internet service providers should treat all data on the internet equally, and not discriminate or charge differently by user, content, website, platform, or application. It is significant as it affects freedom of information and fair competitive practices.

UGC is any form of content, such as text, images, videos, and audio, that has been posted by users on online platforms such as social media and wikis. It is significant because it has democratized content creation and distribution.

Information overload happens when one is exposed to too much information or data to process. The rapid rate of information generation on the internet is a key cause, and it can lead to problems with decision making, stress, and time management.

Mark Granovetter's theory of 'The Strength of Weak Ties' argues that weak social ties, such as acquaintances, are powerful because they serve as bridges to wider networks and ideas. Significant in understanding the spread of information on the internet and social networking sites.

The Long Tail theory states that our economy and culture are increasingly shifting away from a focus on a small number of mainstream hits, to a vast number of niches. The internet allows for the efficient sale of low-demand or rare items. This is significant for niche markets and online retail.

Studies suggest excessive social media use can negatively affect mental health, contributing to issues like anxiety and depression. Its significance lies in its impact on society's well-being and the need for creating healthier online environments.

The digital divide refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology, and those that don't or have restricted access. This division has significant implications for equality and accessibility to information.

Hyperconnectivity refers to the use of multiple means of communication, such as email, instant messaging, telephone, face-to-face contact, and social media. It signifies an environment where the flow of information is high and communication is ubiquitous.

McLuhan's concept explains how the world has been contracted into a village by electric technology and the instantaneous movement of information from every corner. Its significance lies in its anticipation of the effects of global networks and communication systems.