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Semiotics in Media

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Denotation

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The literal or primary meaning of a sign, without considering wider or more abstract meanings. Example: The word 'rose' denotes a particular type of flower.

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Code

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A system of signs and rules used to transmit messages. Example: Morse code transmits text through series of dots and dashes.

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Decode

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The process by which a receiver interprets and gives meaning to a message. Example: Viewers decode the symbolism in a film to understand its themes.

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Sign

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Anything that communicates a meaning, beyond its literal existence. Example: A traffic light is a sign indicating when to stop or go.

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Synecdoche

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A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa. Example: Referring to workers as 'hands' to signify their labor.

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Symbol

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A sign where the relationship between signifier and signified is purely conventional and culturally specific. Example: An eagle symbolizes freedom in American culture.

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Intertextuality

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The shaping of a text's meaning by other texts. Example: A film referencing a famous painting to convey a particular feeling or idea.

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Metonymy

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A figure of speech in which a thing is referred to by the name of something closely associated with it. Example: 'The White House declared' instead of 'The US President declared'.

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Syntagm

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The horizontal combination of signs to create meaning in a sequence. Example: The arrangement of words in a sentence to convey a message.

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Media Ecology

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A theoretical framework which studies media environments and the effects of technology on human culture. Example: Analyzing how smartphones have changed communication practices.

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Signifier

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The form which the sign takes; not necessarily a word. Example: The sound of a siren signifier that emergency services are approaching.

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Encode

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The process by which a sender incorporates signs and codes into a message. Example: Advertisers encode messages in commercials to convey product benefits.

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Paradigm

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In semiotics, the set of all signs that can be substituted for each other without changing the structure of the message. Example: Different genres of music within a radio program are part of the same paradigm.

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Icon

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A sign that resembles or imitates the signified in some properties. Example: A portrait is an icon because it visually resembles the person it represents.

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Index

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A sign where the signifier is directly connected in some way to the signified. Example: Smoke is an index of fire.

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Hyperreality

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A condition in which what is real and what is fiction are seamlessly blended together so there is no clear distinction between where one starts and the other ends. Example: Reality TV shows that mix real events with staged scenarios.

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Myth

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In semiotics, a myth is a cultural narrative that frames the way members of a society interpret reality. Example: The 'American Dream' is a mythic narrative about success and prosperity.

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Anchorage

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The use of language to fix the meaning of an ambiguous image. Example: A news caption that explains the context of the photograph.

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Semiotics

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The study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation. Example: Analyzing the cultural meaning of a red rose in advertisements.

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Metaphor

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A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. Example: Describing media 'consumption' as if media were food.

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Connotation

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The ideas or feelings that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning. Example: 'Rose' connotes love and romance.

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Arbitrariness

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In semiotics, the notion that there is no natural connection between the signified and the signifier. Example: There is no 'natural' reason why the word 'dog' signifies the animal; it is arbitrary.

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Cultural Studies

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An interdisciplinary field that examines the role of media and popular culture in shaping societies. Example: Studying the influence of television on viewers' perceptions of reality.

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Signified

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The concept that a signifier refers to. Example: The concept 'danger' is signified by the signifier 'skull and crossbones'.

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Polysemy

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The phenomenon that a sign can have multiple meanings. Example: The word 'bat' can refer to an animal, a sports equipment, or a verb meaning to flicker.

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