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Media training involves preparing individuals to effectively communicate with the media, ensuring they remain calm, deliver key messages, and manage difficult questions during a crisis. Notable usage: Executives often receive media training before addressing a public crisis.

An escalation plan specifies steps to be taken as a crisis develops, including who to notify, how to scale response efforts, and when to implement contingency plans. Notable usage: IT departments have an escalation plan for data breaches.

Message mapping is a method to create clear, concise, and consistent messages by linking organizational objectives with stakeholder concerns. Notable usage: Health agencies use message mapping to communicate during public health crises.

Cross-functional teams bring together employees from different departments to collaborate and develop integrated crisis response strategies. Notable usage: Automotive companies form cross-functional teams during safety recalls.

Social media monitoring is the practice of tracking and analyzing online conversations for real-time public sentiment and reaction during a crisis. Notable usage: Companies monitor social media after a product launch failure to gauge public reaction.

A spokesperson is a person chosen to speak on behalf of the organization during a crisis, providing a single, authoritative voice for consistent messages. Notable usage: During the 2010 BP oil spill, CEO Tony Hayward served as the spokesperson initially.

Apologia is a crisis communication strategy focused on defending an organization's reputation by explaining and justifying actions taken during a crisis. Notable usage: Politicians often employ apologia to handle personal scandals.

A dark site is a pre-prepared, but unpublished, webpage with critical crisis information that can be activated quickly in times of emergency. Notable usage: Emergency services use dark sites to share real-time information during natural disasters.

A holding statement is a brief message designed for immediate release to inform the public that the organization is aware of the situation and will provide more information as soon as possible. Notable usage: Airline companies often use holding statements after an incident until they have more details.

A post-crisis evaluation analyzes the effectiveness of the crisis response to identify lessons learned and improve future crisis management. Notable usage: Healthcare organizations conduct post-crisis evaluations after disease outbreaks.

Stakeholder mapping is a strategy to identify and prioritize the concerns of various stakeholders in a crisis to tailor communication more effectively. Notable usage: Corporations use stakeholder mapping during product recalls to coordinate communication with regulatory bodies, customers, and suppliers.