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Narrative Techniques
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First-person narration
The story is told from the point of view of a character in the story, using 'I' or 'we'. Example: Holden Caulfield in 'The Catcher in the Rye' by J.D. Salinger.
Third-person limited
The narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character. Example: 'Harry Potter' series by J.K. Rowling.
Allegory
A story with a double meaning: a literal one and a symbolic one. Example: 'Animal Farm' by George Orwell.
Second-person narration
The narrator speaks directly to the reader using 'you'. Example: 'Bright Lights, Big City' by Jay McInerney.
Parallel plot (or parallel narrative)
The story contains two or more related plots that occur at the same time. Example: 'The Godfather Part II' directed by Francis Ford Coppola.
Circular narrative
The story ends where it began, forming a circle. Example: 'Finnegans Wake' by James Joyce.
Cinematic narrative
The story is told through cinematic techniques like cuts, montages, and visual storytelling. Example: Most works by Alfred Hitchcock.
Multiple narrators
The story is told from the perspectives of multiple characters. Example: 'A Song of Ice and Fire' series by George R.R. Martin.
Reliable narrator
The narrator is trustworthy and accurate in their account of the story. Example: Dr. Watson in 'Sherlock Holmes' stories by Arthur Conan Doyle.
Stream of consciousness
The narrative follows the character's thought processes in real-time. Example: 'Ulysses' by James Joyce.
Unreliable narrator
The narrator's credibility is compromised. Example: Humbert Humbert in 'Lolita' by Vladimir Nabokov.
Hero's journey (monomyth)
A narrative structure where the hero goes on a journey, facing challenges and returning changed. Example: 'Star Wars' created by George Lucas.
Anachrony
A gap or distortion in the chronological order of a narrative. Example: 'The Great Gatsby' by F. Scott Fitzgerald uses flashback.
Magical realism
A narrative where magical elements are presented in a realistic setting. Example: 'One Hundred Years of Solitude' by Gabriel García Márquez.
Metafiction
The story is self-aware and often breaks the fourth wall. Example: 'If on a winter's night a traveler' by Italo Calvino.
Non-linear narrative
The story is told out of chronological order. Example: 'Pulp Fiction' directed by Quentin Tarantino.
Third-person omniscient
The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters. Example: 'Middlemarch' by George Eliot.
Epistolary narrative
The story is told through documents such as letters or diary entries. Example: 'Dracula' by Bram Stoker.
Frame narrative
A story within a story, where an introductory narrative sets the stage for a more emphasized second narrative. Example: 'The Canterbury Tales' by Geoffrey Chaucer.
Episodic narrative
The story is divided into a series of episodes or vignettes. Example: 'The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes' by Arthur Conan Doyle.
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