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Narrative Techniques

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First-person narration

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The story is told from the point of view of a character in the story, using 'I' or 'we'. Example: Holden Caulfield in 'The Catcher in the Rye' by J.D. Salinger.

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Third-person limited

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The narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character. Example: 'Harry Potter' series by J.K. Rowling.

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Allegory

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A story with a double meaning: a literal one and a symbolic one. Example: 'Animal Farm' by George Orwell.

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Second-person narration

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The narrator speaks directly to the reader using 'you'. Example: 'Bright Lights, Big City' by Jay McInerney.

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Parallel plot (or parallel narrative)

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The story contains two or more related plots that occur at the same time. Example: 'The Godfather Part II' directed by Francis Ford Coppola.

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Circular narrative

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The story ends where it began, forming a circle. Example: 'Finnegans Wake' by James Joyce.

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Cinematic narrative

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The story is told through cinematic techniques like cuts, montages, and visual storytelling. Example: Most works by Alfred Hitchcock.

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Multiple narrators

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The story is told from the perspectives of multiple characters. Example: 'A Song of Ice and Fire' series by George R.R. Martin.

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Reliable narrator

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The narrator is trustworthy and accurate in their account of the story. Example: Dr. Watson in 'Sherlock Holmes' stories by Arthur Conan Doyle.

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Stream of consciousness

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The narrative follows the character's thought processes in real-time. Example: 'Ulysses' by James Joyce.

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Unreliable narrator

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The narrator's credibility is compromised. Example: Humbert Humbert in 'Lolita' by Vladimir Nabokov.

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Hero's journey (monomyth)

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A narrative structure where the hero goes on a journey, facing challenges and returning changed. Example: 'Star Wars' created by George Lucas.

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Anachrony

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A gap or distortion in the chronological order of a narrative. Example: 'The Great Gatsby' by F. Scott Fitzgerald uses flashback.

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Magical realism

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A narrative where magical elements are presented in a realistic setting. Example: 'One Hundred Years of Solitude' by Gabriel García Márquez.

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Metafiction

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The story is self-aware and often breaks the fourth wall. Example: 'If on a winter's night a traveler' by Italo Calvino.

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Non-linear narrative

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The story is told out of chronological order. Example: 'Pulp Fiction' directed by Quentin Tarantino.

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Third-person omniscient

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The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters. Example: 'Middlemarch' by George Eliot.

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Epistolary narrative

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The story is told through documents such as letters or diary entries. Example: 'Dracula' by Bram Stoker.

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Frame narrative

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A story within a story, where an introductory narrative sets the stage for a more emphasized second narrative. Example: 'The Canterbury Tales' by Geoffrey Chaucer.

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Episodic narrative

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The story is divided into a series of episodes or vignettes. Example: 'The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes' by Arthur Conan Doyle.

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