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A technique that subdivides surface polygons to increase detail and allow for smooth curvature at runtime, often used in GPU shaders.

An improvement over Gouraud Shading that interpolates surface normals for more accurate reflection modeling and smoother shading.

A method to determine which objects or parts of objects are visible in a scene using a depth buffer to track pixel depth.

A real-time rendering technique for approximating the soft shadowing effect of ambient occlusion using screen space data.

A technique for displaying three-dimensional data without converting it to a surface representation, used extensively in medical imaging and scientific visualization.

An extension of ray tracing that simulates light paths at a pixel level for global illumination effects, typically used in non-real-time rendering due to its computational intensity.

A modification of Phong Shading which uses a halfway vector between the view and light directions, often applied to approximate specular highlights more efficiently.

A technique where multiple render passes are used to separate shading calculations from geometry, allowing for complex lighting with many light sources.

A process that converts 3D vectors into pixels on a 2D screen, used in most real-time rendering like video games.

An algorithm that interpolates vertex normals to compute a smooth color gradient across the surface, providing a faceted feel to rendering.

A technique that modifies the actual geometry of surfaces using a texture map to create more pronounced three-dimensional detail.

Calculates the transfer of diffuse light between surfaces in an environment, often used to simulate soft, indirect lighting in static scenes.

A technique that simulates surface detail without additional geometry by perturbing surface normals using a texture map.

A two-pass global illumination algorithm that traces the path of light through the scene and stores the results in a photon map for rendering complex light interactions.