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Human Factors is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system. In HCI, it applies to optimizing the human well-being and overall system performance.

Gestalt Principles are theories of visual perception that describe how humans tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied. These are important for HCI designers to structure content in a way that is readily perceived and understood by users.

Task Analysis is the examination of how a task is accomplished, including a detailed description of both manual and mental activities, task and element durations, task frequency, task allocation, and task complexity. In HCI, it is used to understand user behavior and how to improve the system for their needs.

Usability is the measure of how easy and efficient a system is for users to accomplish their goals. High usability leads to better user satisfaction, efficiency, and productivity.

Accessibility refers to the design of products, devices, services, or environments for people with disabilities. In HCI, this means creating interfaces that can be used by all individuals, including those with impairments or special needs.

Hick's Law predicts that the time it takes for a person to make a decision increases logarithmically with the number of choices. In HCI, reducing the number of choices can streamline the decision-making process for the user.

Contextual Inquiry is a user-centered design research method that involves observing and interviewing users in their natural environment. It helps designers understand user needs, behaviors, and motivations to inform the design of user interfaces.

Heuristic Evaluation is a method for finding the usability flaws in a user interface design by judging it against pre-defined heuristics or best practices.

Error Tolerance refers to a system's ability to continue operating properly in the event of human error or misuse. In HCI, error tolerance is critical for reducing frustration and ensuring users can recover from mistakes without serious consequences.

A Persona is a fictional character created to represent a user type that might use a website, brand, or product in a similar way. Personas help guide decisions about product features, navigation, and overall strategy.

Learnability is a measure of how easy it is for new users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design. High learnability means a system is easy to understand and use for first-time users.

Human-Machine Interface encompasses the devices or software through which a user interacts with a machine, such as computers, home appliances, and other electronic devices. It is central to HCI as it deals directly with the user interface design.

Feedback in HCI is the communication to the user about what action has been done and what has been accomplished, allowing the user to understand the results of their manipulations and continue with their next actions.

An affordance refers to a property of an object that suggests how it can be used. In user interfaces, understanding affordances can help designers create intuitive controls that users can understand and use without much training or explanation.

Consistency in user interface design means that similar operations should look and behave in similar ways. This makes the interface easier to learn and use.

Fitts's Law models the time it takes to rapidly move to a target area as a function of the ratio between the distance to the target and the width of the target. It helps in designing user interfaces by optimizing the size and positioning of elements for better accessibility.

Direct Manipulation is a human-computer interaction style which involves continuous representation of objects of interest and rapid, reversible, and incremental actions and feedback. It helps users feel more in control and allows for more intuitive interaction with the system.

Cognitive Load refers to the amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In HCI, designers try to minimize cognitive load to make systems more user-friendly.

User Experience encompasses all aspects of the end-user's interaction with the company, its services, and its products. In UI design, good UX is crucial as it leads to higher user satisfaction.