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Scattering of light rays when they hit a rough or matte surface, causing the light to reflect in many directions.

Reflection of light from a smooth surface in a preferred direction, creating highlights on the surface.

A rendering technique for generating an image by tracing the path of light as pixels in an image plane and simulating the effects of its encounters with virtual objects.

Rays that are traced from an intersection point on a surface towards the light sources to determine the visibility of the light, used to compute shadows.

A technique used to reduce visual artifacts and 'jaggies' by sampling multiple rays per pixel and averaging the results to smooth out the edges.

A two-pass global illumination algorithm used in ray tracing that first traces photons emitted by light sources and then renders the image.

The calculation of the point at which a ray intersects a surface in the 3D environment, essential for rendering and shading.

A set of algorithms used in rendering to simulate how light is emitted and scattered in all directions throughout a scene.

Patterns of light that appear when light rays are reflected or refracted by a curved surface or object and subsequently form concentrated areas of light or shadow.

An extension of ray tracing that simulates the paths that light might take from its source to the camera lens, including bounces off multiple surfaces.

The bouncing back of a ray of light from a surface such that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with different optical densities, following Snell's Law: $n_1 \sin(\theta_1) = n_2 \sin(\theta_2)$.

A method of ray tracing that uses random sampling to calculate lighting and shadows in a scene for a more realistic effect.

A constant light present in the scene which provides a base level of light so that all objects are visible, regardless of the light-object interactions.