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This shading technique applies a single shade to each polygon without any gradation, based on the polygon's normal and the light source direction.

A technique that shades by interpolating vertex normals over the polygon's surface to achieve a more realistic, smoothly shaded appearance.

Similar to smooth shading but includes an additional step where pixel normals are interpolated from vertex normals, allowing for a high-quality rendering of specular highlights.

A non-photorealistic technique that applies flat colors with hard edges between them, often used to mimic the style of hand-drawn animation.

Applies a 2D image texture to a 3D model, using the model's UV map to properly wrap the texture around the model.

Simulates small-scale bumpiness on surfaces without actually altering the model's geometry, by perturbing surface normals during the lighting calculations.

An advancement of bump mapping, this technique uses a texture map filled with normal vectors instead of grayscale values to create the illusion of complex surface detail.