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Acetic acid in vinegar lowers the pH of food, which inhibits bacterial growth. Used in pickling, salad dressings, and marinating meat.

Smoke contains compounds that have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. It's used in smoking meats and fish for preservation.

Alcohol is a natural preservative due to its antimicrobial properties. Often used to preserve extracts, tinctures, and in fruit cake preparation.

Cloves contain eugenol, an antimicrobial compound that helps to preserve food. Traditionally used in pickling spices and to preserve meats.

Oils create an anaerobic environment that inhibits aerobic microorganisms. Used for preserving cheese, vegetables and in confit preparations.

Cinnamon has antimicrobial properties and can inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria. Commonly used in baked goods and mulled beverages.

Salt draws out moisture from food and creates a high-salinity environment that is inhospitable to most microorganisms. Examples of use include pickling, curing meats, and canning.

Mustard contains compounds that can inhibit microbial growth. It is used in pickling, as well as an ingredient in preserved meats.

Naturally found in some berries, sorbic acid inhibits yeast and mold growth. Commonly used in cheese, wine, and baked goods.

Garlic contains allicin, which has antimicrobial properties. It is used in various cuisines not only for flavor but also for extending the shelf life of dishes.

Due to its low water content and high acidity, honey inhibits the growth of bacteria and yeasts. It's used in baking, glazes, and natural cough syrups.

The citric acid in lemon juice lowers the pH to inhibit microbe growth and is rich in vitamin C which acts as an antioxidant. Used in marinades, and fish preservation.

Tea tree oil contains compounds with antimicrobial properties that help in extending the shelf life of perishable goods. Used in some specialty natural health foods.

As an antioxidant, rosemary extract prevents the oxidation of fats and oils in foods, extending shelf life. Often used in natural meat products.