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The study of the effects of toxic chemicals on biological organisms, particularly within the context of ecosystems.

The adverse health effects of a substance that occur as a result of long-term exposure, potentially leading to long-lasting or permanent damage.

Chemicals that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk to human health and the environment.

Chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems, potentially causing cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders.

The concentration of a substance that produces 50% of its maximum effect or response in a biological system.

A ratio comparing the concentration of a substance in an organism to the concentration in the surrounding environment, used for assessing bioaccumulation.

A phenomenon where the combined effect of chemicals or factors is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

A model used to predict the bioavailability and toxicity of metals in aquatic systems based on the affinity of metals for biotic ligands like gills or membranes.

The process where the concentration of a substance, like a toxic chemical, increases as it moves up the food chain.

The process for evaluating the likelihood that the environment may be impacted as a result of exposure to one or more environmental stressors, such as chemicals, disease, and invasive species.

A graph plotting the response of organisms to different doses of a chemical, which helps to determine the toxic threshold and the effective concentration.

The process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events.

A statistical measure of the toxic potency of a substance, denoting the dose at which 50% of a test population is expected to die.

The use of living organisms, like microbes or plants, to remove contaminants, pollutants, or toxins from soil, water, and other environments.

The use of computational models to predict how chemicals move through and are transformed in the environment.

An organism whose status in an ecosystem is analyzed as an indication of the ecosystem's health, pollution levels, and the population dynamics of other species.

The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus, leading to an overgrowth of algae and depletion of oxygen.

Metallic elements with high densities that are toxic to organisms at low concentrations, such as mercury, lead, and cadmium.

The harmful effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short period of time.