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The study of the effects of toxic chemicals on biological organisms, particularly within the context of ecosystems.

The process by which certain harmful substances, such as heavy metals and organic pollutants, build up in an organism over time.

The process where the concentration of a substance, like a toxic chemical, increases as it moves up the food chain.

A statistical measure of the toxic potency of a substance, denoting the dose at which 50% of a test population is expected to die.

The concentration of a substance that produces 50% of its maximum effect or response in a biological system.

Chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems, potentially causing cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders.

Chemicals that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk to human health and the environment.

Metallic elements with high densities that are toxic to organisms at low concentrations, such as mercury, lead, and cadmium.

The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus, leading to an overgrowth of algae and depletion of oxygen.

A model used to predict the bioavailability and toxicity of metals in aquatic systems based on the affinity of metals for biotic ligands like gills or membranes.

A ratio comparing the concentration of a substance in an organism to the concentration in the surrounding environment, used for assessing bioaccumulation.

The use of living organisms, like microbes or plants, to remove contaminants, pollutants, or toxins from soil, water, and other environments.

An organism whose status in an ecosystem is analyzed as an indication of the ecosystem's health, pollution levels, and the population dynamics of other species.

A graph plotting the response of organisms to different doses of a chemical, which helps to determine the toxic threshold and the effective concentration.

The use of computational models to predict how chemicals move through and are transformed in the environment.

The harmful effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short period of time.

The adverse health effects of a substance that occur as a result of long-term exposure, potentially leading to long-lasting or permanent damage.

The process for evaluating the likelihood that the environment may be impacted as a result of exposure to one or more environmental stressors, such as chemicals, disease, and invasive species.

A phenomenon where the combined effect of chemicals or factors is greater than the sum of their individual effects.