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Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry
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Acid Rain
Acid rain causes damage to ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health.
Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion increases UV radiation reaching Earth, affecting organisms and contributing to skin cancer.
Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is critical for life but its intensification causes global warming.
Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is essential for regulating Earth's climate by controlling CO2 levels.
Eutrophication
Nutrient enrichment of water bodies leads to algal blooms, hypoxia, and declines in aquatic life.
Water Quality Indices
Indices incorporate multiple parameters to assess the health of water bodies and the suitability for various uses.
Soil Contamination
Soil contamination can lead to crop failure, water contamination, and health risks through the food chain.
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Toxic substances accumulate in organisms and magnify up the food chain, impacting top predators and humans.
Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable energy sources reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
Atmospheric Chemistry
Understanding atmospheric chemistry is key for air quality control and predicting climate change.
Biodegradation
Biodegradation of pollutants by microorganisms cleanses the environment but is limited by the nature of the pollutants.
Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are persistent environmental contaminants that can cause bioaccumulation and toxicity.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
COD measures the amount of oxygen required to break down organic matter in water, indicating pollution levels.
Climate Change
Climate change affects ecosystems, weather patterns, sea levels, and human societies globally.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis in plants removes CO2 from the atmosphere, playing a key role in carbon sequestration.
Water Treatment Processes
Treatment processes ensure safe drinking water by removing physical, chemical, and biological contaminants.
Particulate Matter
Particulate matter in the air can have severe health effects and degrade environmental quality.
Phytoremediation
Plants are used to remove, contain, or render harmless environmental contaminants.
Ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology studies the effects of toxic chemicals on biological organisms and ecosystems.
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs)
EIAs are critical for evaluating the potential effects of projects and activities on the environment before they proceed.
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