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An area of land where all precipitation collects to a common outlet like a river, bay, or lake. It defines the spatial extent of surface water drainage.

Any form of water - liquid or solid - falling from clouds and reaching the ground. It includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail.

Water stored in the subsurface within the pores of soil and the fractures of rock formations. A significant part of the Earth's fresh water supply.

The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It includes processes like evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

The sum of evaporation from the land surface plus transpiration from plants. It's a key component in the water cycle.

The fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between the grains in a porous medium. It indicates the storage capacity of the aquifer and is expressed as a decimal or percentage.

Part of the river or stream flow that is not attributable to direct runoff from precipitation, snowmelt, or glaciers. It is sustained largely by the groundwater seeping into the bed of the river.

The flow of water that occurs when surplus water from precipitation, meltwater, or other sources flows over the Earth's surface. This can lead to erosion and transporting sediment.

The ratio of the volume of water that drains from a saturated soil or rock by gravity to the total volume of the porous medium. It represents the efficiency of the aquifer to store and release groundwater.

The level below which the ground is completely saturated with water. It's a critical concept in groundwater hydrology.

The flow of water in streams, rivers, and other channels. It's a key component of the water cycle and is primarily driven by the force of gravity.

An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures, or unconsolidated materials from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well.

An equation that reflects the conservation of mass in that the amount of water added to a system (precipitation) must be equal to the amount of water leaving the system (evapotranspiration and runoff) plus or minus changes in storage.

The area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, reservoir, or other body of water; similar to a watershed but often used in connection with smaller water bodies.

A graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, or other channel or conduit carrying flow. This can help predict floods by showing increases or decreases in river flow over time.

The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It's influenced by soil characteristics, vegetation, and precipitation.

An area where the land is either temporarily or permanently saturated with water, featuring distinct ecosystems and is a natural water purifier.

The rate at which groundwater under a unit hydraulic gradient flows through a unit width of aquifer of thickness (b). Mathematically, $T = K \cdot b$, where T is transmissivity, K is hydraulic conductivity, and b is aquifer thickness.

A property of a porous material's ability to transmit water. It is typically measured in meters per second and is influenced by the size of the pore spaces and their degree of interconnection.