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Key Environmental Protocols

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Kyoto Protocol

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Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change. Implemented via binding targets for developed countries and the use of mechanisms like emission trading.

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Stockholm Convention

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Purpose is to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Implemented through measures that must be taken by parties to eliminate production and use of POPs.

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Ramsar Convention

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The convention on wetlands of international importance aims to halt the worldwide loss of wetlands and to conserve those that remain through wise use and management.

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Basel Convention

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Designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs).

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Paris Agreement

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Global framework to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming. Countries contribute through nationally determined contributions (NDCs).

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Rotterdam Convention

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Promotes shared responsibility and cooperative efforts in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals. Provides for a prior informed consent procedure.

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CITES

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The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora aims to ensure that international trade does not threaten the species' survival.

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Montreal Protocol

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Purpose is to phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer. Implemented through regulations on production, consumption, and trade of ozone-depleting substances.

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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

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Seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by genetically modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. Features a Biosafety Clearing-House to facilitate information exchange.

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London Dumping Convention

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Its purpose is to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the convention.

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Minamata Convention on Mercury

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An international treaty designed to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds.

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Nagoya Protocol

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Aims at sharing the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way. Includes access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits.

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