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A component that changes the voltage of the electrical power supply to the levels required by the traction motors.

Facility that converts the electrical supply from the grid to the appropriate voltage and type for railway use.

A traction system that utilizes direct current for the operation of trains.

Device that slides along the third rail to collect electrical power for the train.

An additional rail beside the main tracks that supplies power to electric trains through a contact shoe.

A device that converts direct current (DC) from the power source into alternating current (AC) for the traction motors.

A traction system that uses alternating current, typically with high voltages, for train operation.

Motors that drive the wheels of an electric train, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.

An apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train to collect power from the overhead lines.

A braking system that recovers energy during braking and feeds it back into the train's power system.

The infrastructure that provides electrical power to trains via overhead cables.

Wavy deformations that develop on the surface of the rails, often causing noise, vibration, and increased wear.

The distance between the inner sides of the rail heads, defining the width of the railway track.

A transponder placed between the rails that communicates with the train's onboard equipment providing location and signaling information.

A signaling system that divides a railway line into blocks and ensures only one train occupies a block at a time.

An onboard system that monitors and controls traction and braking, doors, and other train subsystems.

Technologies that store energy for later use in train operations, such as batteries or supercapacitors.

The components that connect rails to the railroad ties, ensuring the stability of the tracks.

The time a train spends at a station while passengers board and alight, influencing the overall service frequency.

A multiple-car train set that operates with a self-contained electric propulsion system.

A rectangular support for rails, traditionally made of wood, but also can be concrete or steel, to maintain the gauge and stability of tracks.

A type of overhead line equipment where wires are suspended in a catenary curve between supports, providing power to trains.

A type of track construction that uses concrete slabs instead of traditional ballasted tracks, offering higher stability and lower maintenance.

A system that enables automatic control of the train's movement, reducing the need for human intervention.

A location where a railway line crosses a road or path at the same level, requiring signaling systems for safety.

The weight that a single train axle can bear, influencing the design and maintenance of tracks.

A type of magnetic levitation where the train is levitated by electromagnetic forces between it and the track.

Tracks where rails are welded together to form a continuous solid track, reducing joints and providing a smoother ride.

The cross-sectional shape of a rail, influencing the train's grip, wear resistance, and overall stability.