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A voltage regulator ensures a stable voltage supply to the train systems regardless of load variations or voltage fluctuations on the line.

A transformer controls the voltage level to match the train system requirements. It steps down or steps up the voltage as needed.

A rectifier converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), which is used in some railway systems.

The third rail is a method of providing electric power to trains using a conductor placed alongside or between the rails.

OLE consists of the wires and supporting structures used to distribute power to trains via pantographs.

An energy storage system, like batteries or supercapacitors, is used to store energy for later use, increasing efficiency and enabling energy recovery.

A circuit breaker is a safety device that automatically stops the flow of current in the event of a fault or overload.

A pantograph is a device mounted on the roof of a train to collect power from overhead lines.

An electrical substation adjusts the voltage from the transmission level to levels that can be used by the trains and distributes power along the track.

The conductor rail is a metal rail that provides the train with power through a shoe or brush mechanism, distinct from the running rails.

A neutral section, or phase break, is an insulated, dead section of an overhead line or third rail to separate different phases or sections of power supply systems.

Insulators are used to prevent unwanted flow of current to the earth from supporting structures or other components where current must be isolated.

An inverter converts direct current (DC) from a battery or rectifier into alternating current (AC) to power AC motors or other AC equipment on a train.

The traction motor converts electrical power into mechanical power to drive the train wheels.

Filters in a railway power supply manage the electrical noise and smooth the output voltage to protect sensitive electronic equipment used in train operations.

A DC chopper is a device that controls the voltage and current to the DC motors of a train, allowing for smooth acceleration and deceleration.

A contactor is an electrically-controlled switch used for switching an electrical power circuit, particularly important in power regulation for trains.

This supplies regulated and uninterrupted power to railway signaling equipment, ensuring that the signaling system functions correctly even during power failures.

An auxiliary power converter converts power from the main supply to lower voltages for the train's auxiliary systems such as lighting, ventilation, and controls.