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The process of identifying, analyzing, and mitigating risks associated with tunnel construction to ensure worker safety and project success.

The study to predict the environmental effects of the tunnel project before construction, ensuring protective measures are in place to minimize negative impacts.

The permanent support structure built inside the tunnel, which can consist of precast concrete segments, cast in-situ concrete, or other materials, ensuring structural stability.

Crucial for protecting the tunnel structure from water ingress and directing away any water that enters, which helps to prevent damage and maintenance issues.

A tunnel lining technique using precast concrete segments that are assembled inside the tunnel, providing fast and efficient liner installation.

Planned routes within the tunnel to allow for safe evacuation and access for emergency services in the event of an incident.

The design and installation of lighting within tunnels for visibility and safety during both construction and operation phases.

Real-time systems used during and after tunnel construction to monitor the structural health and detect any deviations or abnormalities.

The process of strengthening the tunnel structure with additional supports such as steel sets, rock bolts, and shotcrete to ensure stability.

The planned route of the tunnel, which takes into account geological conditions, existing infrastructure, and environmental concerns.

Temporary measures like shoring, rock bolts, and shotcrete used to stabilize the tunnel face and prevent collapses during construction.

A cylindrical machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross-section. It significantly speeds up tunnel construction and improves worker safety.

The design features that allow tunnels to withstand seismic events, ensuring structural integrity and safety in earthquake-prone areas.

A simple and cost-effective tunnel construction method where a trench is excavated and roofed over with an overhead support system to create a tunnel.

Engineering discipline focused on the prevention, detection, and suppression of fires within tunnels, involving the design of escape routes and fire-resistant materials.

This method relies on the inherent strength of the surrounding rock mass to be part of the tunnel support system, using light, flexible support systems and shotcrete.

The process of assessing the geological conditions of the tunnel route which is critical for the design, construction method selection, and risk assessment.

The cross-sectional shape of a tunnel (circular, horseshoe, etc.) important for the structural integrity, functionality, and optimization of construction.

Choosing the most appropriate method for tunnel excavation (TBM, blasting, etc.) based on factors such as geology, cost, time, and safety considerations.