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Railway Electrification Systems
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Transformer
Purpose: To change voltage levels. Description: A passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
Isolator Switch
Purpose: To disconnect power safely. Description: Used in electrical circuits to completely disconnect the power during maintenance and repairs.
Substation
Purpose: To supply power to the railway network. Description: Facility that steps down high-voltage electricity from the grid to a lower voltage suitable for train operations.
Third Rail
Purpose: To provide power to trains. Description: A method of providing electric power to a railway locomotive or train, through a semi-continuous rigid conductor alongside or between the rails of a track.
Catenary Wire
Purpose: To support OLE. Description: A type of overhead line equipment where the actual electrical wire is held up by a catenary wire to maintain tension and ensure proper height.
Rail Bond
Purpose: To ensure electrical continuity. Description: A connecting component that maintains electrical continuity from one rail length to another, often used in signaling and track circuits.
Overhead Line Equipment (OLE)
Purpose: To supply electrical energy to trains. Description: Overhead wires or cables hung from structures used to transmit electricity to the train.
Pantograph
Purpose: To collect electrical power from OLE. Description: An apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train, tram or electric bus to collect power through contact with an overhead line.
Breaker
Purpose: To protect the electrical circuit. Description: An electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent or short circuit.
Rectifier
Purpose: To convert AC to DC power. Description: An electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.
Automatic Train Control (ATC)
Purpose: To enhance railway safety. Description: An overall system that automatically stops a train if the driver fails to comply with signals or speed restrictions.
Electric Traction Motor
Purpose: To drive the train's wheels. Description: Motors that use electrical power from the OLE or on-board batteries to generate mechanical energy.
Regenerative Braking System
Purpose: To recover energy during braking. Description: A mechanism allowing the train's electric traction motors to operate as generators during braking, feeding power back into the system.
Current Collector
Purpose: To gather electricity from third rail. Description: A device used to collect electrical energy from the third rail, positioned either below or to the side of the train.
Energy Storage Units
Purpose: To store and release electrical energy. Description: Systems such as batteries or supercapacitors installed on trains or at stations to capture regenerative braking energy or provide backup power.
Voltage Regulator
Purpose: To maintain a constant voltage level. Description: An electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level, ensuring safe and efficient train operation.
Electrical Feeder Station
Purpose: To distribute power along the tracks. Description: Facilities that take power from the grid and distribute it to various sections of the railway, complementing the function of traction substations.
Insulated Rail Joints
Purpose: To prevent electrical continuity. Description: Non-conductive joints between rail ends that prevent the flow of current for sectioning off track circuits in signaling systems.
Traction Substation
Purpose: To power the vehicles. Description: A substation that specifically converts incoming electrical power into a form and voltage suitable for railway traction systems.
Section Insulator
Purpose: To isolate electrical sections. Description: An insulator device that divides an overhead line into electrical sections to control the flow of current and make sections independent.
Grounding (Earthing)
Purpose: To ensure safety from electric shocks. Description: A protective measure where electrically conductive objects are connected directly to the ground to prevent human contact with high voltage.
Booster Transformer
Purpose: To balance the return current in rails. Description: Booster transformers are connected in opposition to the traction transformers to balance the current and reduce rail-to-earth voltages.
Surge Arrestor
Purpose: To protect equipment from voltage spikes. Description: A device that protects electrical equipment from over-voltage transients caused by external or internal events.
Electrical Multiple Unit (EMU)
Purpose: Self-propelled train operation. Description: A multiple-unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages, using electricity as the motive power.
Return Conductor
Purpose: To complete the electrical circuit. Description: A low-resistance path used to return the electric current in an electrical system, often a rail in railway electrification that closes the loop.
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