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Purpose is to assess the condition of the railway by monitoring vibrations that can indicate issues like misalignments or defects in the track. Methods use accelerometers or other sensors to detect and analyze vibration patterns.

Purpose is to ensure track alignment, gauge, and elevation conforms to standards. Methods include using specialized track recording vehicles equipped with sensors.

Purpose is to assess the condition of the railroad ties. Methods often involve visual inspection and sometimes non-destructive technologies to detect internal decay or damage.

Purpose is to assess the condition and cleanliness of the ballast. Methods involve visual inspection and gradation testing to ensure proper drainage and stability.

Purpose is to identify wheels with flat spots or defects. Methods include sensors that measure the impact force of a wheel on the rail and compare it against thresholds.

Purpose is to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials. Methods involve applying a liquid penetrant, then a developer to draw out the penetrant from defects.

Purpose is to evaluate the environmental impact of the railway tracks. Methods include studying the interaction between the rail infrastructure and its surrounding environment.

Purpose is to reveal surface and near-surface defects. Methods include magnetizing the rail and applying ferrous particles which cluster around imperfections.

Purpose is to evaluate the shear stresses exerted on the rail web and base. Methods involve using strain gauges and other sensors to measure these forces during train passages.

Purpose is to check the integrity of rail fasteners. Methods consist of visual inspection, torque testing, and sometimes ultrasonic methods to ensure proper function.

Purpose is to monitor rail embankments and cuttings for signs of movement, which can indicate potential landslides. Methods include using radar to detect minute movements over time.

Purpose is to identify visible defects and anomalies on tracks. Methods include walking along the track to inspect rails, ties, fasteners, and ballast.

Purpose is to assess the wear and profile of the rail. Methods include laser scanning or gauge measuring to determine the rail's cross-sectional shape.

Purpose is to ensure the safety and integrity of railway bridges. Methods include visual inspections, load testing, and detailed checks of structural elements.

Purpose is to measure the extent of wear on rail tracks to schedule maintenance. Methods include manual measurement with wear gauges and automated systems on service trains.

Purpose is to detect internal flaws in the rail head. Methods involve sending ultrasonic pulses through the rail and analyzing the reflected waves.

Purpose is to ensure the structural health of rail tunnels. Methods involve visual inspection, laser scanning for geometry, and checking for water ingress and surface condition.

Purpose is to image the subsurface beneath tracks to identify issues like voids or water pockets. Methods involve passing electric currents through the ground and interpreting the resulting potential difference.

Purpose is to detect defects via thermal anomalies. Methods use infrared cameras to record temperature variations that indicate potential issues.

Purpose is to simulate the stresses a track experiences under use. Methods include applying controlled loads to the track and measuring the response.

Purpose is to identify irregularities like buckles or dips in the track. Methods can range from visual inspections to using track recording cars that detect deviations in vertical and lateral track geometry.

Purpose is to assess the condition of the ballast and subgrade. Methods use radar pulses to image the subsurface and detect anomalies.

Purpose is to detect flaws in the bearings of rolling stock. Methods utilize acoustic sensors placed alongside the track to listen for irregular noise patterns indicating bearing defects.

Purpose is to measure the weight of passing trains to ensure they are within safe operating limits. Methods include scales integrated into the track infrastructure that dynamically weigh each axle and bogie.

Purpose is to verify the operational integrity of rail switches. Methods include visual checks, dimensional verification, and mechanical testing to ensure switches operate correctly.

Purpose is to constantly monitor the condition of railway infrastructure. Methods include installing sensors to track variables like strain, temperature, and vibration on bridges and tunnels.

Purpose is to detect surface and sub-surface defects. Methods involve inducing eddy currents in the rail material and monitoring the flow for disturbances.

Purpose is to check the condition of culverts for proper drainage. Methods involve visual inspection, checking for blockages, and ensuring structural integrity.

Purpose is to monitor the corrugation on rails, which can cause noise and reduce ride quality. Methods include laser profiling and vibration analysis technology.