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Cause: O-ring failure in the right solid rocket booster due to cold temperatures compromised the shuttle's integrity. Effect: The shuttle exploded shortly after liftoff, killing all seven crew members.

Cause: The failure of an LNG tank due to low-temperature embrittlement of the tank's steel walls. Effect: The explosion and subsequent fire leveled one square mile of Cleveland, Ohio, and killed 130 people.

Cause: Failure of an eye-bar in a suspension chain, due to a small defect that grew through stress corrosion cracking. Effect: The bridge fell into the Ohio River, resulting in the deaths of 46 people.

Cause: The concave design of the building creates a 'solar glare' issue by focusing reflected sunlight. Effect: Nearby properties and cars experienced damage from the intense heat and glare.

Cause: Faulty construction practices and the use of inadequate scaffolding materials. Effect: The tower under construction collapsed, killing 51 construction workers.

Cause: A foundational failure due to geological instability and poor design choices. Effect: The dam's collapse unleashed a wave of water leading to the deaths of more than 400 people.

Cause: The reflective glass facade of the building concentrates sunlight into hot spots at certain times of the day. Effect: These hot spots can cause discomfort or minor burns to people and damage to nearby objects, earning it the nickname 'death ray'.

Cause: Aerodynamic instability due to a phenomenon known as aeroelastic flutter. Effect: The bridge collapsed into the Tacoma Narrows strait of Puget Sound.

Cause: A design flaw related to gusset plates being inadequate to handle the load resulted in collapse during rush hour. Effect: 13 people were killed and 145 injured; it led to increased bridge inspection efforts nationwide.

Cause: Structural design flaw leading to the overloading of the walkway support beams and connections. Effect: The walkways collapsed, killing 114 people and injuring more than 200 others.

Cause: Inadequate load-bearing capacity of the cantilever arms and poor planning and management. Effect: The bridge collapsed twice during construction, resulting in 75 and 13 deaths respectively.

Cause: A gas explosion on the 18th floor caused a progressive collapse due to the building's large panel system construction design. Effect: The partial collapse of the building led to the death of four people and the injury of 17.

Cause: Heavy rain overloaded an inadequately designed roof truss system. Effect: The roof collapse caused no injuries but highlighted the need for adequate consideration of environmental loads on structural design.

Cause: Structural failure due to poor design and construction methods, leading to buckling under its own weight. Effect: 35 construction workers died when a span between two piers fell 50 meters into the Yarra River.