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A structural element designed to withstand compressive forces without buckling. These elements, such as columns and arches, are vital for the support of vertical loads in a structure.

The lowest part of the building structure that provides a stable base on which to construct buildings. A proper foundation must be stable, level and spread out building loads to prevent settlement.

A wall that bears the weight of the roof and upper floors, transferring loads to the foundation. It is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of a building.

A wall that is designed to resist lateral forces, providing stability and stiffness to a structure during wind and seismic activities. Shear walls are integral to the design of earthquake-resistant buildings.

A horizontal or sloped structural element that ties together structural components (like roof or floor systems) to distribute loads and resist in-plane forces. It is essential for structural rigidity and load transfer.

A projecting beam or structure supported at only one end. The cantilever must resist bending and is used to create overhangs without external bracing. It's significant for balconies, canopies, and bridges.

A flat, thick piece of concrete, steel, or other material used in construction. Slabs are the horizontal planes of foundations, floors, and ceilings, and they must be designed to manage loads and vibrations.

The permanent load provided by the weight of the structural elements and any non-removable fixtures. It must be accounted for in the design of every part of the building to prevent overstressing the structural components.

A vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. Columns play a pivotal role in maintaining the vertical stability of a structure.

A structural element that is subjected to tensile forces, meaning it is being pulled and must resist stretching. Tension members are key components in bridges, cranes, and other structures requiring elongated elements.

Transient forces that act on a structure, such as people, furniture, and vehicles. These loads vary over time and must be considered in the design to ensure a structure can adapt to different loading scenarios.

A horizontal structural member designed to support the load from walls, floors, roofs, and other beams, distributed over its length to columns or foundations. Beams are vital for spanning open spaces and supporting structural loads.

Forces that act horizontally on a structure, such as wind or seismic pressures, which can create a risk of tipping or sliding. The design must account for these loads to ensure a structure's stability and safety.

Concrete in which reinforcement bars ('rebar'), grids, plates or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen the material that would otherwise be brittle. This combination is widely used for its durability and versatility.