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The ability of steel to resist shear forces; calculated as $0.6 \times F_y$ for structural steel in the absence of torsion.

Permanent static load provided by the weight of the structural elements and the non-movable attachments or components.

A methodology ensuring structural safety by applying factors of safety to both the loads and the material resistance.

The factor by which the designed load-carrying capacity of a structure or component is greater than the applied load; defined as the ultimate load divided by the working load.

Also known as tensile capacity, it is the maximum load a material can support without fracture when being stretched, divided by its original cross-sectional area.

A factor that modifies the actual length of column to an equivalent 'pinned-pinned' condition length for the purposes of calculating the critical buckling load.

The capacity of a tension member to resist shear and tensile failure on a block of material at a connection due to a load or force being applied.

The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Below this stress, the material will return to its original shape when the load is removed.

The warping of a structural member subjected to bending, in which the compression flange becomes laterally unstable and starts to twist.

The assumption that a moment-resisting frame conducts the plastic deformation at discrete points, known as plastic hinges, without any decrease in bending moment.

A dimensionless quantity used to predict the buckling risk in columns, defined as the effective length of a column divided by its radius of gyration.

The ratio of the increment of some specified form of stress to the increment of some specified form of strain. Also known as Young's modulus.

The local failure of a beam's web due to concentrated loads or reactions, causing excessive compressive stress and potential deformation or buckling near the supports or load points.

The capacity of a structural element to support a load without excessive deformation or failure through its bearing surface.

The failure of a compression member such as a column or strut due to the bending instability when the axial load reaches a critical value.

A design philosophy that limits the structural stress to a fraction of the yield stress of the material based on a safety factor, to provide safety against failure.

Transient or dynamic load that can vary greatly over time, such as people, furniture, vehicles, and equipment.

Represents the capacity of a weld to accommodate loads applied to the connected components. Governed by the type, size, length, and quality of the weld.

Equations that represent various configurations of loads that a structure could reasonably be exposed to simultaneously, with safety factors applied to ensure acceptable performance under a range of load conditions.

It measures how far from the centroid the area is distributed; used in calculations involving buckling and compression.

Designed to transfer loads between steel members, ensuring that the structure acts as a whole. Bolted connections use bolts, while welded connections use welding.

It quantifies the resistance of a cross-section to bending. Higher moments of inertia indicate greater stiffness in bending.

A geometric property for a given cross-section used in designing beams and flexural members; it is the ratio of the moment of inertia to the distance from the neutral axis to the furthest point of the section.

The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking, which is when the specimen's cross-section starts to significantly contract.