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A structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis.

A structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.

A framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.

The internal force per unit area that develops within a cross-section of a structural element.

The deformation per unit length of a material body.

The ratio of the maximum capacity of a system to the desired or actual capacity.

An internal force tangential to the face of a material or structural element.

The moment that causes a section of a beam to bend.

The degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load.

A measure of the stiffness of a material. It defines the relationship between stress and strain in a material in the linear elasticity regime.

A measure of an object's resistance to changes to its rotation. In structural engineering, it often refers to the bending stiffness of a beam's cross-section.

The twisting of an object due to an applied torque.

The ability of a material to deform under tensile stress, usually characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire.

The sudden sideways failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive stress, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding.

The tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses.

The weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads.

A measure of the Poisson effect, which describes the expansion or contraction of a material in directions perpendicular to the direction of loading.

The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point, the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.

The maximum stress that a material can withstand before failure.

The property of a material that allows it to return to its original shape or size after being stretched or deformed.

Any force that is applied parallel to the horizon.

The intrinsic weight of a structure or building element, including the walls, floors, roof, and fixed service equipment.

Variable loads on a structure that are not fixed in position or intensity, such as people, furnishings, machines, vehicles and goods.

The force exerted by the wind on the various structural components of a building or structure.

The loads on a structure during an earthquake, which are a result of ground motion.

The cyclic movement of an elastic structure, whose frequency depends on the stiffness and mass of the system.

The lower part of a building, which transfers structural loads to the Earth and provides stability.

The route through which load is transferred from the structure to the foundation.