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Gothic architecture, developed in the 12th century, was marked by ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and pointed arches. This allowed for taller, more slender buildings with large stained glass windows, largely impacting religious structures such as cathedrals.

The invention of the true arch is attributed to the Romans. It enabled the construction of bridges, aqueducts, and buildings with wide spans that could support massive amounts of weight. This innovation greatly increased the durability and longevity of structures.

The Bessemer process, developed in the 1850s, was a method for the mass production of steel. This advancement lowered the cost of steel, making it widely available for construction, thereby revolutionizing building technology with stronger and more durable materials.

Cable-stayed bridges, being developed and popularized in the 20th century, feature towers from which cables support the bridge deck. They offer greater stiffness than suspension bridges, allowing for longer spans and enhancing modern bridge design.

Cast iron was first used in structural engineering in the 18th century. It allowed for the construction of new types of structures such as bridges and the frameworks of large buildings, leading to the Industrial Revolution's expansion.

Opened in 1973, the Sydney Opera House became famous for its unique and innovative use of complex shell structures to achieve an unprecedented architectural form, influencing later designs in the use of concrete shells.

In the 1960s, Fazlur Rahman Khan developed the tubular design concepts for high-rise buildings. This approach revolutionized urban architecture by enabling the construction of taller, lighter, and more efficient buildings.

Fallingwater, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935, is an iconic house that seamlessly integrates with its natural environment. Its innovative cantilevered terraces exemplified groundbreaking use of raw materials and structural harmony.

The geodesic dome was popularized by Buckminster Fuller in the mid-20th century. Its design is based on a network of triangles that distributes structural stress evenly, creating a lightweight and stable dome suitable for large spans without internal supports.

Completed in 2010, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai is currently the world's tallest building. Its construction was a milestone in structural engineering, featuring a Y-shaped plan to reduce wind forces and a new type of high-performance concrete.

Reinforced concrete, introduced in the 19th century, incorporated steel rebars in concrete to improve its tensile strength. This innovation led to the construction of more flexible and resilient structures, such as skyscrapers and bridges.