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The forces exerted by soil on the retaining wall. Active earth pressure pushes against the wall, while passive earth pressure resists movement of the wall into the soil.

A reinforced concrete wall that is fixed at its base and free at the top, designed to resist the earth pressure by bending.

A type of retaining wall that relies on its own weight to hold back earth pressure. It achieves stability through its mass.

Small openings in a retaining wall that allow water to drain from the soil behind the wall, reducing hydrostatic pressure and preventing water buildup.

A flexible wall system made from steel wire mesh filled with stone or other suitable material, often used for slope stabilization and erosion control.

A type of cantilever wall reinforced with counterforts attached to the back of the wall slab and base slab, designed to minimize bending moments.

The material placed behind a retaining wall, which needs to have appropriate drainage characteristics to reduce hydrostatic pressure and prevent wall failure.

Any additional load placed on the ground surface behind a retaining wall, affecting the design by increasing the lateral earth pressure.

The intentional inclination of a retaining wall face towards the retained soil, designed to improve wall stability by utilizing gravity.

The assessment of the potential for the retained soil to slough or slide, which is crucial for the safe design of retaining walls.

The process of embedding the base of a retaining wall into the ground to enhance sliding resistance and overall stability.

Geosynthetic material used to reinforce soil behind a retaining wall, increasing its stability and helping withstand lateral earth pressures.

The lower part of the wall that spreads the load over a broader area, providing support and reducing the chance of base failure due to overstressing the soil.

A wall constructed by driving interlocking steel, wood, or vinyl sheets into the ground to provide earth retention and excavation support.