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Consolidation is the process of volume decrease due to the expulsion of water under long-term static loads, important for predicting settlement in clayey soils when designing foundations.

Modulus of Subgrade Reaction quantifies the stiffness of soil in relation to the pressure it can support before yielding, vital for the design of flexible pavements and raft foundations.

Porosity is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the soil sample, influencing the storage and movement of water and contaminants through soil.

Standard Penetration Test is an in-situ dynamic penetration test to provide an estimate of the relative density and strength properties of granular soils and is used to design foundations.

Soil Liquefaction refers to the temporary loss of strength and stiffness in saturated, cohesionless soils due to earthquake shaking or other sudden changes in stress, which poses a significant risk to foundations in seismic areas.

Shear Strength is the maximum stress soil can resist before failure in shear; it is crucial for stability analysis and design of foundations, slopes, and retaining structures.

Hydraulic Conductivity is a measure of a soil's ability to transmit water when subjected to a hydraulic gradient. It affects the rate of settlement, seepage, and the design of drainage systems.

Plasticity Index (PI) is the range of moisture content over which soil behaves plastically, calculated by subtracting Plastic Limit from Liquid Limit. PI provides insight for soil workability and compressibility.

Critical State Soil Mechanics is a conceptual framework for predicting the behavior of soils under different loading conditions, which is fundamental when assessing soil responses to construction activities.

Oedometer Test is a laboratory test used to assess one-dimensional consolidation of soils under varying loading conditions, and is employed in estimating settlement of structures over time.

Capillarity in Soils is the ability of soil to transmit water against gravity due to surface tension, impacting moisture movement, suction, and the stability of slopes and excavations.

Proctor Compaction Test is a laboratory method used to determine the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density, guiding the compaction process on construction sites.

Compaction is the process of reducing soil volume by mechanically inducing stress, thereby increasing strength and reducing permeability and settlement, which is vital prior to the construction of structures.

Permeability is a measure of the ability of a soil to allow fluids to pass through it, quantified by Darcy's law. It is significant for drainage and de-watering considerations in soil mechanics.

Fine-Grained Soils are made primarily of silt and clay particles and are known for their low permeability and high compressibility, influencing the design of foundations and pavements due to potential for settlement and expansion.

Bearing Capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground; essential for foundation design to prevent failure due to shear or settlement.

Soil Suction measures the tendency of water to move from the soil pore to the atmosphere or plants due to capillary action or moisture deficit, which is important in unsaturated soil mechanics.

Anisotropy in Soils refers to the direction-dependent properties of soil, meaning that the soil behavior, such as strength and permeability, varies with direction, which is crucial when analyzing and designing soil-structure interaction.

Atterberg Limits define the water contents at which soil passes from one state to another: Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Shrinkage Limit. They are critical in classifying soil types and predicting their behavior under changing moisture conditions.

Frost Heave is the uplift of soil or other surface due to the freezing of water in the soil, which can cause damage to foundations and pavement structures in cold regions.

Cone Penetration Test is an in-situ testing method to determine geotechnical properties of soils and profiling soil layers. The test's results are used in designing foundations and assessing soil bearing capacity.

$\sigma' = \sigma - u$, where $\sigma'$ is effective stress, $\sigma$ is total stress, and $u$ is pore water pressure. Effective stress governs the behavior of soil and is a fundamental concept for designing underground structures.

Triaxial Compression Test is a laboratory testing method to measure the mechanical properties of soils, including their shear strength parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction), crucial for soil stability analysis.

Coarse-Grained Soils consist of gravel and sand-sized particles and are characterized by high permeability and strength, which affects the type of foundation system used.