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Albedo is the fraction of solar energy (shortwave radiation) reflected from the Earth back into space. It is a critical component of the Earth's energy balance and is affected by surface properties, like ice, snow, and vegetation cover.

The Stefan-Boltzmann Law states that the total radiant heat energy emitted from a surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. It's crucial in atmospheric sciences for understanding the Earth’s radiation balance and the concept of blackbody radiation.

Planck's Law describes the spectral intensity of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a blackbody in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature. This law is important in atmospheric sciences for studying the emission spectra of the Earth and its atmosphere.