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The O-horizon is the topmost layer of soil, primarily composed of organic matter, including decomposing leaves, twigs, and other plant materials.

The E-horizon is the eluviation (leaching) layer, characterized by the loss of minerals and organic matter due to water movement through the soil.

The A-horizon is often referred to as topsoil and is where most root activity occurs. It is dark and rich in minerals and organic material mixed in with the mineral particles.

Also known as the subsoil, the B-horizon accumulates minerals like iron, aluminum, and clay transported from the A- and E-horizons through a process known as illuviation.