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Volcanic Eruptions and the Atmosphere
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Hawaiian Eruption
Hawaiian eruptions are a type of effusive eruption, but they are noteworthy for the production of voluminous lava flows and the emission of high levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2), which can lead to acid rain and vog (volcanic smog).
Explosive Eruption
Explosive eruptions eject large amounts of ash and gases high into the atmosphere, where they can form aerosols that reflect sunlight. This can cause short-term cooling and disruption to the climate system.
Effusive Eruption
Effusive eruptions involve low-viscosity lava that flows easily, creating gentle slopes. They release vast amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor, but fewer aerosols, affecting the climate less than explosive eruptions.
Phreatomagmatic Eruption
Phreatomagmatic eruptions occur when magma comes into contact with water, producing steam and expanding violently. This type of eruption generates large amounts of fine ash and can have a significant cooling effect on the climate if the ash reaches the stratosphere.
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