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The artificial application of water to soil or land to assist in the growing of agricultural crops. In ancient times, it could involve complex canal systems. It can disrupt natural water bodies and drainage systems but is essential for crop production in arid regions.

An ancient Mesoamerican agriculture method of creating small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico. It can be seen as a form of sustainable aquaculture that increased food production.

Farming without the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. It relies on techniques such as crop rotation and composting. Organic farming enhances soil composition and reduces pollution.

A land use management system where trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.

The practice of adding animal dung, green manure, or compost to the soil to improve its fertility. It provides nutrients for crops and improves soil structure, but overuse can lead to nutrient runoff and water pollution.

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It increased soil fertility by preventing nutrient depletion.

Growing two or more crops in proximity. The most common goal is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by using resources that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop. It can lead to diverse habitats and improve soil health.

Growing multiple crop species in the same space simultaneously. This contrasts with monoculture, the agricultural practice of growing a single crop. Polyculture can increase biodiversity and reduce pests and disease.

A farming system that is in the form of steps going up the mountain. It is used to support crop production where the land is hilly or mountainous. Terracing reduces soil erosion and supports irrigation.

The agricultural preparation of the soil by mechanical agitation in various ways, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. It can prepare the seedbed but also disrupt soil structure and cause erosion.

A type of cover crop grown to add nutrients and organic matter to the soil. Typically, it is tilled under and incorporated into the soil while it is still green or after flowering. It can improve soil structure and reduce erosion.

An agricultural technique for growing crops without disturbing the soil through tillage. It can reduce soil erosion and improve soil health and water retention but might require increased herbicide use.

A method of cultivation where forests are burnt down to clear land for planting crops. This can lead to temporary soil fertility but results in deforestation and soil degradation over time.

A horticultural technique whereby tissues from one plant are inserted into those of another so that the two sets may join and continue their growth as one plant. It can improve crop yields but can also lead to a reduction in genetic diversity.

Ancient Rome utilized these for transporting water to urban centers and agricultural lands. They were engineering marvels that conveyed water over long distances but could also disturb local ecosystems and water flow.

Flooded parcels of arable land used for growing semi-aquatic rice. Paddies provide irrigation but can contribute to methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas.

The practice of planting different types of crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health and to help control pests and diseases. It can lead to higher yields and sustainable farming practices.

The practice of leaving fields without sown crops for a period, allowing the land to recover its fertility. Fallowing can improve soil structure but may potentially lead to land degradation if used excessively.

A process that involves the decomposition of organic matter, such as leaves, manure, and food scraps, into a soil-like amendment known as compost. It enriches the soil, reduces the need for chemical fertilizers, and diverts waste from landfills.