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Ancient Civilizations and Their Environments
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Mesopotamia
Early civilization in the fertile crescent with unpredictable flooding leading to irrigation innovations.
Ancient Egypt
Civilization along the Nile river, benefited from predictable flooding and nutrient-rich silt.
Indus Valley
Civilization with urban planning influenced by seasonal monsoons and river dynamics.
Ancient China
Civilization developed near the Yellow River, with loess soil impacting agriculture and flooding.
Ancient Greece
Mountainous terrain and limited fertile land led to maritime trade and colonization.
Roman Empire
Controlled a diverse range of environments across three continents, which led to extensive trade networks and agricultural variety.
Maya Civilization
Civilization in Central America with advanced agriculture adapted to rainforest environment.
Aztec Empire
Civilization in central Mexico, utilized chinampas for agriculture in lake environment.
Inca Empire
Andean civilization with sophisticated terrace farming and road systems in mountainous terrain.
Harappan Civilization
Indus Valley civilization that had advanced urban planning including complex drainage systems.
Minoans
Civilization on Crete influenced by its maritime location and volcanic activity.
Phoenicians
An ancient seafaring civilization that established expansive trade networks across the Mediterranean Sea.
Nubia
African civilization south of Egypt, which was a rich source of gold and other resources.
Hittites
Ancient Anatolian civilization experienced in iron-working and chariot warfare, with access to diverse climatic regions.
Caral
Norte Chico civilization in Peru, one of the first in the Americas, sustained by fishing and small-scale agriculture.
Olmecs
Considered the 'Mother Culture' of Mesoamerica, they created large head sculptures and had knowledge of astronomy.
Sumerians
City-building people of southern Mesopotamia with ziggurats and the development of cuneiform script.
Vikings
Norse seafarers who thrived in harsh northern climates, their shipbuilding skills enabled extensive raiding and trading.
Mohenjo-Daro
An Indus Valley city known for its advanced urban layout including the Great Bath and intricate drainage systems.
Aksum
An ancient kingdom in northeastern Africa, known for its massive stelae and trade connections.
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