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Ancient Civilizations and Their Environments
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Inca Empire
Andean civilization with sophisticated terrace farming and road systems in mountainous terrain.
Phoenicians
An ancient seafaring civilization that established expansive trade networks across the Mediterranean Sea.
Aksum
An ancient kingdom in northeastern Africa, known for its massive stelae and trade connections.
Ancient Egypt
Civilization along the Nile river, benefited from predictable flooding and nutrient-rich silt.
Mesopotamia
Early civilization in the fertile crescent with unpredictable flooding leading to irrigation innovations.
Vikings
Norse seafarers who thrived in harsh northern climates, their shipbuilding skills enabled extensive raiding and trading.
Olmecs
Considered the 'Mother Culture' of Mesoamerica, they created large head sculptures and had knowledge of astronomy.
Hittites
Ancient Anatolian civilization experienced in iron-working and chariot warfare, with access to diverse climatic regions.
Aztec Empire
Civilization in central Mexico, utilized chinampas for agriculture in lake environment.
Ancient China
Civilization developed near the Yellow River, with loess soil impacting agriculture and flooding.
Mohenjo-Daro
An Indus Valley city known for its advanced urban layout including the Great Bath and intricate drainage systems.
Indus Valley
Civilization with urban planning influenced by seasonal monsoons and river dynamics.
Maya Civilization
Civilization in Central America with advanced agriculture adapted to rainforest environment.
Minoans
Civilization on Crete influenced by its maritime location and volcanic activity.
Nubia
African civilization south of Egypt, which was a rich source of gold and other resources.
Ancient Greece
Mountainous terrain and limited fertile land led to maritime trade and colonization.
Sumerians
City-building people of southern Mesopotamia with ziggurats and the development of cuneiform script.
Roman Empire
Controlled a diverse range of environments across three continents, which led to extensive trade networks and agricultural variety.
Harappan Civilization
Indus Valley civilization that had advanced urban planning including complex drainage systems.
Caral
Norte Chico civilization in Peru, one of the first in the Americas, sustained by fishing and small-scale agriculture.
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