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Ancient Civilizations and Their Environments

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Inca Empire

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Andean civilization with sophisticated terrace farming and road systems in mountainous terrain.

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Phoenicians

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An ancient seafaring civilization that established expansive trade networks across the Mediterranean Sea.

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Aksum

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An ancient kingdom in northeastern Africa, known for its massive stelae and trade connections.

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Ancient Egypt

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Civilization along the Nile river, benefited from predictable flooding and nutrient-rich silt.

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Mesopotamia

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Early civilization in the fertile crescent with unpredictable flooding leading to irrigation innovations.

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Vikings

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Norse seafarers who thrived in harsh northern climates, their shipbuilding skills enabled extensive raiding and trading.

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Olmecs

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Considered the 'Mother Culture' of Mesoamerica, they created large head sculptures and had knowledge of astronomy.

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Hittites

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Ancient Anatolian civilization experienced in iron-working and chariot warfare, with access to diverse climatic regions.

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Aztec Empire

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Civilization in central Mexico, utilized chinampas for agriculture in lake environment.

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Ancient China

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Civilization developed near the Yellow River, with loess soil impacting agriculture and flooding.

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Mohenjo-Daro

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An Indus Valley city known for its advanced urban layout including the Great Bath and intricate drainage systems.

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Indus Valley

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Civilization with urban planning influenced by seasonal monsoons and river dynamics.

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Maya Civilization

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Civilization in Central America with advanced agriculture adapted to rainforest environment.

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Minoans

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Civilization on Crete influenced by its maritime location and volcanic activity.

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Nubia

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African civilization south of Egypt, which was a rich source of gold and other resources.

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Ancient Greece

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Mountainous terrain and limited fertile land led to maritime trade and colonization.

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Sumerians

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City-building people of southern Mesopotamia with ziggurats and the development of cuneiform script.

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Roman Empire

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Controlled a diverse range of environments across three continents, which led to extensive trade networks and agricultural variety.

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Harappan Civilization

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Indus Valley civilization that had advanced urban planning including complex drainage systems.

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Caral

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Norte Chico civilization in Peru, one of the first in the Americas, sustained by fishing and small-scale agriculture.

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