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Iron production in ancient times caused deforestation for charcoal to fuel furnaces and particulate matter emissions.

Ancient copper smelting resulted in deforestation and air pollution due to the release of gases like sulfur dioxide.

In order to produce alum, a fundamental mordant for dyeing, there was contamination through the release of acid mine drainage.

Roman lead smelting produced voluminous slag heaps and widespread lead pollution, which can be traced in ice cores.

Placer mining practices disturbed river ecologies and caused erosion and sedimentation downstream.

Traditional forging created minimal environmental impact relative to smelting but still generated localized deforestation.

Charcoal was a primary fuel in ancient metallurgy, leading to deforestation and disruptions in the carbon cycle.

The use of mercury in gold amalgamation led to mercury poisoning and long-term soil and water contamination.

Ancient Roman hydraulic mining techniques (Ruina Montium) caused massive ecological damage through erosion and siltation.

Arsenic bronze involved a toxic production process that released arsenic into the air and could cause poisoning.

Cupellation for silver involved releasing lead and other heavy metals into the environment, causing soil and water contamination.

The advent of the blast furnace in ancient China increased air pollution due to higher volumes of emissions from coal and charcoal.

Ancient tin mining caused soil erosion and siltation of waterways, along with deforestation due to fuel needed for smelting.

Bronze casting allowed advancements but resulted in deforestation for fueling and significant energy requirements for melting.