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Wind has powered boats and windmills for centuries. The first electricity-generating wind turbine was created in the late 19th century.

An emerging technology aiming to provide energy and reduce atmospheric CO2. It combines bioenergy production with CO2 capture and storage.

Hot springs used for bathing and heating since ancient times. First commercial geothermal power plant opened in Italy in 1911.

Used in Roman bathhouses and Native American cliff dwellings. Growth in the 20th century with active and passive solar heating systems.

Burning wood and other organic materials has been a traditional energy source. Development into biogas and biofuels occurred in the 20th century.

Water wheels date back to ancient Greece. Modern hydropower began in the 19th century with the hydraulic turbine.

Concepts of concentrating sunlight have been around since Archimedes. Modern CSP technologies emerged in the 1970s energy crisis.

Tidal mills date back to the Middle Ages. The modern era saw the creation of tidal barrages and underwater turbines.

Used since ancient times for heating and cooking. Modern solar power emerged with photovoltaic cells in the 20th century.