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The Great Acceleration refers to the dramatic, post-WWII increase in human activity and its environmental impacts, coinciding with a sharp rise in carbon dioxide levels and other greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global warming.

Adopted in 2015, the Paris Agreement is a landmark international accord that sets goals to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels by reducing emissions and advancing sustainability.

The Industrial Revolution, starting in the late 18th century, marked a major turning point in climate history, introducing large-scale emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. This has led to increasing global average temperatures and is considered a primary cause of anthropogenic climate change.

In the period from about 950 to 1250 CE, the Northern Hemisphere experienced warmer than average temperatures, which affected agricultural practices, settlement patterns, and could have contributed to the rise and fall of civilizations, though its global extent is debated.

Dating back to 2.4 to 2.1 billion years ago, the Huronian Glaciation was possibly the longest and most severe ice age in Earth's history, associated with the rise of atmospheric oxygen from the Great Oxygenation Event and likely affected global climate and life evolution.

From approximately the 14th to mid-19th century, the Little Ice Age was marked by cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere due to volcanic activity and decreased solar radiation. It impacted agriculture, health, and economics by shortening growing seasons and freezing waterways.

Occurring around 56 million years ago, the PETM was a period of rapid warming, caused by massive carbon releases into the atmosphere, possibly from volcanic activity or methane hydrate release. It had profound effects on climate, including ocean acidification and species migration.

In 1816, a year marked by global cooling, believed to have been caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815. It led to significant agricultural distress, food shortages, and social upheaval.

Beginning 2.58 million years ago and ongoing, the Quaternary Glaciation is a series of glacial cycles where ice sheets have repeatedly advanced and retreated, impacting sea levels, and shaping the Earth's ecosystems and human evolution.

Occurring between 9,000 and 5,000 years ago, this period was characterized by relatively warm climate conditions, which allowed for the expansion of human civilization with the development of agriculture and the rise of ancient empires.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty ratified in 1997 where participating countries committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, aiming to mitigate human-induced global warming and climate change.