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Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture
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Development of Agriculture
Led to deforestation, soil depletion, and habitat loss; created the foundation for settled societies and increased population density.
Crop Rotation
Increased soil fertility and reduced pests and diseases, but required more complex agricultural management systems.
Invention of the Plow
Increased agricultural efficiency but accelerated soil erosion and dependence on human-controlled food production systems.
Deforestation for Agriculture
Contributed to habitat destruction, carbon releases, and changes in local climates, but expanded agricultural land.
Domestication of Animals
Resulted in changed landscapes (grazing lands), spread of diseases from animals to humans, and a stable food supply.
Storage of Harvested Grains
Preserved food for future use, allowing for population growth, but also attracted pests and required land and materials for granaries.
Fencing of Agricultural Land
Helped to manage livestock and protect crops from wild animals, but disrupted wildlife migration and traditional land use patterns.
Irrigation Systems
Improved crop yields but also led to water overuse, salinization of soil, and redirected natural water flows.
Terracing
Reduced soil erosion on steep slopes and allowed cultivation of diverse crops, but construction could lead to deforestation.
Selective Breeding
Led to high-yield varieties but reduced genetic diversity of crops, making them more susceptible to disease and pests.
Introduction of New Crop Species
Biodiversity in agriculture was increased, but also led to replacement of local varieties and sometimes loss of native plant species.
Use of Fertilizers
Enhanced crop growth but led to nutrient runoff and eutrophication of water bodies, plus soil degradation.
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