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Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture

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Development of Agriculture

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Led to deforestation, soil depletion, and habitat loss; created the foundation for settled societies and increased population density.

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Crop Rotation

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Increased soil fertility and reduced pests and diseases, but required more complex agricultural management systems.

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Invention of the Plow

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Increased agricultural efficiency but accelerated soil erosion and dependence on human-controlled food production systems.

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Deforestation for Agriculture

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Contributed to habitat destruction, carbon releases, and changes in local climates, but expanded agricultural land.

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Domestication of Animals

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Resulted in changed landscapes (grazing lands), spread of diseases from animals to humans, and a stable food supply.

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Storage of Harvested Grains

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Preserved food for future use, allowing for population growth, but also attracted pests and required land and materials for granaries.

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Fencing of Agricultural Land

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Helped to manage livestock and protect crops from wild animals, but disrupted wildlife migration and traditional land use patterns.

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Irrigation Systems

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Improved crop yields but also led to water overuse, salinization of soil, and redirected natural water flows.

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Terracing

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Reduced soil erosion on steep slopes and allowed cultivation of diverse crops, but construction could lead to deforestation.

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Selective Breeding

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Led to high-yield varieties but reduced genetic diversity of crops, making them more susceptible to disease and pests.

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Introduction of New Crop Species

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Biodiversity in agriculture was increased, but also led to replacement of local varieties and sometimes loss of native plant species.

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Use of Fertilizers

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Enhanced crop growth but led to nutrient runoff and eutrophication of water bodies, plus soil degradation.

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