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Defining Moments of the 20th Century

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The Sinking of the Titanic

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1912, marked one of the deadliest maritime disasters in history.

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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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1914, event that precipitated World War I.

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Russian Revolution

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1917, led to the overthrow of the Tsarist regime; rise of Soviet power.

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Treaty of Versailles

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1919, ended World War I and laid the groundwork for World War II.

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The Great Depression in Europe

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1930s, severe worldwide economic depression that took a toll on European economies.

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Rise of the Nazi Party

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1933, Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany, beginning of the Third Reich.

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Spanish Civil War

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1936-1939, conflict between Republicans and Nationalists; precursor to WWII.

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Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

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1938, anti-Jewish pogroms in Nazi Germany.

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Outbreak of World War II

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1939, invasion of Poland by Germany; major global conflict begins.

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D-Day: Normandy landings

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1944, Allied forces invade German-occupied France.

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End of World War II in Europe

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1945, unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany.

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Formation of NATO

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1949, establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

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Hungarian Revolution

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1956, revolt against the Soviet-imposed policies in Hungary.

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Berlin Wall Construction

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1961, barrier erected by East Germany, symbol of the Cold War.

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Prague Spring

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1968, period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubček.

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Fall of the Berlin Wall

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1989, symbol of the end of the Cold War.

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Chernobyl Disaster

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1986, catastrophic nuclear accident in the Soviet Union.

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Breakup of Yugoslavia

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1990s, dissolution of Yugoslavia into independent states.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

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1991, final collapse of the Soviet regime, end of the Cold War era.

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Signing of the Maastricht Treaty

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1992, treaty established the European Union.

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The Good Friday Agreement

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1998, agreement helped to end most of the violence in Northern Ireland.

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German Reunification

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1990, unification of West Germany and East Germany into a single Germany.

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Sputnik Launch

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1957, the first artificial satellite to be put into Earth's orbit by the Soviet Union.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

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1962, 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba.

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Solidarity Movement in Poland

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1980s, the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by the Communist Party.

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Apollo 11 Moon Landing

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1969, the first humans landed on the Moon (American astronauts).

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Falklands War

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1982, a ten-week war between Argentina and the United Kingdom over two British overseas territories in the South Atlantic.

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The Launch of the European Single Market

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1993, created a single market across the European Union's member states.

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