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Defining Moments of the 20th Century
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The Sinking of the Titanic
1912, marked one of the deadliest maritime disasters in history.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1914, event that precipitated World War I.
Russian Revolution
1917, led to the overthrow of the Tsarist regime; rise of Soviet power.
Treaty of Versailles
1919, ended World War I and laid the groundwork for World War II.
The Great Depression in Europe
1930s, severe worldwide economic depression that took a toll on European economies.
Rise of the Nazi Party
1933, Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany, beginning of the Third Reich.
Spanish Civil War
1936-1939, conflict between Republicans and Nationalists; precursor to WWII.
Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
1938, anti-Jewish pogroms in Nazi Germany.
Outbreak of World War II
1939, invasion of Poland by Germany; major global conflict begins.
D-Day: Normandy landings
1944, Allied forces invade German-occupied France.
End of World War II in Europe
1945, unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany.
Formation of NATO
1949, establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Hungarian Revolution
1956, revolt against the Soviet-imposed policies in Hungary.
Berlin Wall Construction
1961, barrier erected by East Germany, symbol of the Cold War.
Prague Spring
1968, period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubček.
Fall of the Berlin Wall
1989, symbol of the end of the Cold War.
Chernobyl Disaster
1986, catastrophic nuclear accident in the Soviet Union.
Breakup of Yugoslavia
1990s, dissolution of Yugoslavia into independent states.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1991, final collapse of the Soviet regime, end of the Cold War era.
Signing of the Maastricht Treaty
1992, treaty established the European Union.
The Good Friday Agreement
1998, agreement helped to end most of the violence in Northern Ireland.
German Reunification
1990, unification of West Germany and East Germany into a single Germany.
Sputnik Launch
1957, the first artificial satellite to be put into Earth's orbit by the Soviet Union.
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962, 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba.
Solidarity Movement in Poland
1980s, the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by the Communist Party.
Apollo 11 Moon Landing
1969, the first humans landed on the Moon (American astronauts).
Falklands War
1982, a ten-week war between Argentina and the United Kingdom over two British overseas territories in the South Atlantic.
The Launch of the European Single Market
1993, created a single market across the European Union's member states.
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