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European Literary Movements

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Medieval Literature

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500-1500 AD; Christian themes, chivalry, courtly love

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The Renaissance

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14th to 17th century; Humanism, exploration, individualism

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The Enlightenment

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18th century; Reason, science, political and social critique

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Romanticism

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Late 18th century to mid-19th century; Emotion, nature, individualism

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Victorian Literature

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1837-1901; Social critique, morality, realism

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Realism

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19th century; True-to-life depictions, ordinary characters, social reform

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Naturalism

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Late 19th century; Determinism, influence of environment and heredity on individuals

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Symbolism

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Late 19th century; Symbolic meaning, spirituality, the subconscious

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Modernism

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Early 20th century; Formal innovation, disillusionment, existential questions

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Dadaism

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1916-1924; Nihilism, absurdity, anti-art sentiment

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Surrealism

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1920s-1950s; Unconscious mind, dream imagery, illogical scenes

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Existentialism

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Mid-20th century; Human existence, free will, angst

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Postmodernism

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Mid-20th century to present; Irony, skepticism, fragmented narrative

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The Beat Generation

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1950s-1960s; Anti-materialism, spiritual quest, sexual liberation

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Structuralism

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1960s; The structure of language, how meaning is constructed

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Post-Structuralism

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1960s onwards; Instability of meaning, deconstruction, playfulness

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New Criticism

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Mid-20th century; Close reading, intrinsic focus, text-centric

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Sturm und Drang

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Late 18th century; Individuality, emotional extremes, rebellion

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Expressionism

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Early 20th century; Distorted reality, emotional effect, angst

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Vorticism

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Early 20th century; Geometric, abstract, celebrating the modern

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Futurism

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Early 20th century; Speed, technology, youth, violence

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Neoclassicism

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Mid-18th to early 19th century; Order, decorum, classical ideals

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Imagism

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Early 20th century; Clear expression, precise imagery, free verse

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Decadence

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Late 19th century; Aestheticism, self-indulgence, artificiality

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Magical Realism

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Mid-20th century; Magical elements in realistic settings, blurred lines between fantasy and reality

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